“Coco Palms Resort”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Coco Palms Resort was a resort hotel in Wailuā, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, that was noted for its Hollywood connections, Hawaiian-themed weddings, torch lightings, destruction by a hurricane, and long-standing land disputes. The land is on or near some of the most important legends, historical events, and culturally significant spots to Native Hawaiians. The land where the Coco Palms Resort sits is ancient Hawaiian royal property that has been in dispute since 1866, beginning with the petition of Junius Kaae, along with Kapiolani, Kalakaua, and others. Their petition, attempting to revoke the will of Kealiiahonui, filed in probate by Levi Haʻalelea in 1855, was eventually overturned by Sanford B. Dole almost immediately after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Dole was acting as a justice of the supreme court of the provincial government after stepping down from the bench and then being seated as president. Litigants were made to sign an agreement for this adjudication to be allowed by Dole.

The resort was originally leased by Lyle Guslander from the Territory of Hawaii in 1952, opening in early 1953. The hotel manager, Grace Buscher, took control of marketing the hotel as a Hawaiian-style getaway for tourists. A number of films were shot on location at this location, including Elvis Presley's film Blue Hawaii. The hotel made a big business out of Hawaiian-style weddings for decades. Buscher started a tradition, still in use at hotels throughout the islands, known at the hotel as the torch-lighting ceremony. Buscher also initiated a tree-planting ceremony to replenish the old coconut grove and honor individuals of note.

Destroyed by Hurricane Iniki, the derelict hotel is allegedly scheduled to be restored and reopened as a Hyatt resort some time in the future.

Background and history

According to the book The Story of the Coco Palms Hotel, by David P. Penhallow, the Coco Palms Resort sits on an ancient site of Hawaiian royalty and hospitality situated at the mouth of the Wailua River on the eastern side of Kauai.{{sfn|Penhallow|2007|page=}} The area around the mouth of the Wailua River is well known to Hawaiians as a place of many legends and events of historical, cultural, and religious significance. It is the landing place of the Kahiki voyagers, who came ashore at Kauaʻi in about 500 AD,{{sfn|Hellmann|2006|page=258}}{{sfn|Historical Society|1913|page=14}} and the location of Hawaiian legends like the prophet Naula-a-Maihea and the origins of the Naha stone.{{sfn|Historical Society|1913|page=14}}

Kaumualii and Kekaihaʻakūlou (Deborah Kapule)

In 1810 the monarch of Kauaʻi, Kaumualii (c. 1778–May 26, 1824), negotiated a peaceful agreement that allowed the island to become a part of Kamehameha I's new Kingdom of Hawaii, while still allowing Kaumualii to remain the ruler. The agreement established Kamehameha's son Liholiho as supreme monarch. After Kamehameha I's death, a council was held in July 1821 with Kaumualii and Liholiho, now styled as "Kamehameha II" along with the top chiefs and advisors. When Kamehameha II agreed to continue his father's agreement, Kaumualii asked the new monarch to take some Kauaʻi lands for his wives, to appease Liholiho's guardians. While Kamehameha II refused to do so—stating that his father had left no instructions about the land, only that he should be the supreme monarch—he did take Kaumualii's wife Kekaihaʻakūlou as one of his own wives and gave his wife Kekāuluohi to his most trusted advisor, Charles Kanaʻina, as a way to please the chiefs. It is believed the council decision displeased the new Kuhina Nui, Kaʻahumanu. A year later, she would take Kaumualii and later his son Kealiiahonui as her husbands, using the teachings of the missionaries on marriage, to make herself their heirs.{{sfn|Kupihea|2005|p=45-46}}

After Kaumualii was kidnapped, Kekaihaʻakūlou (now known as Deborah Kapule) owned a home on the banks of the river where travelers knew they were always welcome, long before any hotel existed on the island.{{sfn|Cozad|2008|page=2}} She had converted to Christianity and remarried Simeon Kaiu, who was to become an instructor for the missionaries. The couple had a son, Josiah Kaumualii, and in 1837,{{sfn|Peterson|1984|page=108}} in order that to be closer to their own estates, they moved an entire retinue of people to Wailuā. Shortly after relocating, Kaiu died from a stroke.{{sfn|Foreign Missions|1836|p=357}}{{sfn|Bingham|1848|page=477}} Historian James Jarvis traveled up the river with Kapule in a double-hulled canoe in 1837, climbing to the top of Wailua Falls. Jarvis wrote: "She lived in a beautiful spot ... that looked more like park scenery than any work of nature."{{sfn|Cozad|2008|page=2}} It was a large house that became open to visitors in 1823. It would become known as Deborah's Inn, where Kapule would entertain for twenty years. In the 1840s Kapule played host to the Protestant missionaries and the first Catholic priest on the island.{{sfn|Tucker|1993|p=320}} By 1853, Deborah Kapule had moved to the other side of Kauaʻi and died, and the property began to rapidly deteriorate.{{sfn|Hibbard |2006|p=15}} George Washington Bates found the residence in complete disrepair, with the canoes, which had previously transported guests up the river, rotting in a shed. Several dilapidated buildings were left abandoned, including a small church. The villagers around the area continued to grow taro and care for the fishponds.{{sfn|Bates|1854|p=189}}

Kingdom Supreme Court probate decisions

Kealiiahonui was the son of Kaumualii, who died on approximately June 23, 1849.{{sfn|Forbes|1998|p=556}} On January 25, 1855, Levi Haʻalelea petitioned the Hawaiian Supreme Court as a beneficial representative of the estate of Kekauʻōnohi, for whom he was the sole heir as her widower. Haʻalelea had possession of the will of Kealiiahonui, stating that Kekauʻōnohi was the monarch's sole heir but had also died before the petition. He filed the will into probate on February 16 of that same year. On July 2, 1866, a petition was filed on behalf of Kapiolani, her husband David Kalakaua, Poomaikelani and her husband Hiram Kahanawai, Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike and her husband David Kahalepouli Piikoi, Kaluaipihana and her husband F. W. Malaihi, and a minor named Kamehaokalani through F. W. Malaihi. The case, involving the future king and queen and associates, was dismissed on November 30, 1866.{{sfn|Bickerton|1893|page=93}}

In the case of the "ESTATE OF KEALIIAHONUI, Deceased. Appeal From Bickerton, J." of June 17, 1890, involving the amended petition of Junius Kaae, Haʻalelea's widow Amoe Ululani Kapukalakala Ena (1842–1904), represented by F. M. Hatch, made a plea in bar stating that the court had already delivered a judgement dismissing the case in 1866. Bickerton's decision stated: "After careful examination of this case, and of the authorities, I consider that the petitioner is estopped from what would amount to a re-hearing of the original petition.... The plea in bar is sustained." The full decision of the court read: "We support the decision appealed from.... [T]he application of one desirous of suing as a next friend of a minor, was substantially complied with. The Judge's order for the issue of process, endorsed upon the petition, was a sufficient 'sanction' or authority for the person desirous of acting as the next friend of the minor to act throughout the proceedings in such capacity. Moreover, the minor in question was joined with several adult plaintiffs, and all were represented by counsel, and the case heard upon its merits. There is no claim that the case was not fully and adequately presented and tried."{{sfn|Bickerton|1893|page=93}}

Reversal by Dole acting as justice while president of provisional government

According to "IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF KEALIIAHONUI, Deceased. PETITION FOR REVOGATION OF ORDER ADMITTING WILL TO PROBATE, AND APPOINTMENT or ADMINISTRATOR. APPEAL FROM DOLE, J. HEARING, FEBRUARY 23, 1893. DECISION, JUNE 2, 1893", The petition reads as follows: "An executor of a deceased wife's estate filed a petition to revoke an order admitting to probate the will of K., who it was claimed was the uncle of petitioner's executrix, and a plea in bar thereto was sustained. (8 Hawl 93.) The same person filed another petition with the same object, claiming to be a purchaser of the rights of another person alleged to be a niece and heir of the testator, K. A party in interest pleads the former proceedings in bar. The plea is overruled." Junius Kaae was the petitioner who had filed a similar petition in 1890, along with Kapiolani, Kalakaua, and others, which was given a judgment dismissing it, pleaded in bar, and sustained upon appeal of the full court. Levi Haʻalelea's widow, A. A. Haʻalelea (Amoe Ululani Kapukalakala Ena), pleaded the last proceeding in bar to the present (at that time) proceedings as "that in a proceeding heretofore had in this Court in which said J unius Kaae was a party, the identical matter now set up by said Kaae was litigated and a judgment rendered against him." The plea in bar this time was overruled. When the decision was adjudicated, both litigants were required to sign an agreement allowing Justice/President of the Provisional Government of Hawaii Sanford B. Dole to continue to adjudicate even though he was no longer seated on the high court but president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The court wrote, "Now, therefore, it is hereby agreed that the said Honorable S. B. Dole may participate in, make, sign, file and enter a decision and judgment in this cause, upon said appeal, in like manner as though he were still in commission as a Justice of said Court."{{sfn|Dole|1895|pages=1-8}}

Coconut grove

Although believed to have been a royal grove originally, the coconut grove was actually planted in 1896 by William Lindemann, a German immigrant,^[1] to harvest oil and copra (dried meat).^[2] Lindemann hoped to someday operate a vast copra empire, but he was unaware of how long the trees took to mature, and the plantation was a failure. Today the vast coconut groves along the coastline are often referred to as the Coconut Coast, with many of the trees outliving their expected lifespan but thinning out over time.{{sfn|Peterson|1984|page=108}}

Former hotels

Early lodge

By the early 1950s, the site was home to a small businessmen's lodge, owned and operated by an elderly widow named Veda Warner Hills. She had advertised for the sale of the site in 1952, which was answered by Lyle Lowell Guslander, known in the tourist industry as Gus. Guslander had made a reputation for himself as "cantankerous", "ornery", and "brilliant".^[3] He was a former assistant manager of the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, California, and arrived in Hawaii in 1947 to manage the Niumalu Hotel (Hilton Hawaiian Village) but was fired by Walter Child, who was known to be equally unpredictable. He then began working for the Moana Hotel, beginning as assistant manager and eventually becoming general manager. Guslander asked his friend Henry Buscher to investigate the property for him, but Buscher, a liquor distributor, returned a negative report because he could not purchase a drink there. Although Guslander did not have the funds to purchase the property outright, he managed to get a lease with the option to buy from the Territory of Hawaii.^[3]

Island Holidays Ltd.

On January 25, 1953, the Coco Palms lodge opened with 24 rooms, five employees, and two guests. The lodge consisted of the main residence, which had been converted into the former businessmen's lodge, with eight rooms, and an additional 16 rooms in a reconfigured army surplus barracks. The entire property was set in front of the beach and encompassed {{cvt|35|acre|ha}}, with over 2,000 coconut trees remaining from the former Lindemann coconut plantation. Guslander hired Grace Buscher to assist him with the management of the new lodge. Although she had no previous experience, Grace was creative and had a good understanding of buyer psychology. During this early period, the hotel still had a sugarcane train running past the front of the property.^[3] The hotel was run by Island Holidays Ltd., which was owned and operated by Guslander as president. The group also included William Newport, William Mullahey, and Grace Buscher, who became the general manager of the hotel. Mullahey was a regional director for Pan American Airlines. In an interview to the Garden Island newspaper, Mullahey announced the company's plans to expand and create a Hawaiian atmosphere. Development started immediately, and by 1956 the lodge had converted into a cottage-style hotel with 82 rooms. That same year, Guslander removed ten of the cottages to build a 24-room wing to the hotel, increasing its capacity to 96 rooms.^[4]

Torch lighting, Hollywood, weddings, and tree plantings

While the exact origins of any true Hawaiian torch-lighting ceremony are unknown, the use of this incarnation of Hawaiian culture, performed at many Hawaiian hotels, began at the Coconut Palms Hotel, with Grace Buscher making the first call. The ceremony would become a big part of the Coco Palms story.^[3]^[5] Hawaiians dressed in a traditional malo would blow a conch shell and beat a drum, as the call was answered by one man running across the coconut grove, lighting torches on his way until the entire lagoon was lit.^[6]^[10] In the book Kauai: 100 Years in Postcards, author Stormy Cozad states that while the torch-lighting ceremony was synonymous with the Coco Palms, it was not a true Hawaiian ceremony but a dramatic call to dinner for guests using bits of Hawaiian culture displayed as parts of Hawaiian history were narrated during the lighting. Postcards from the time depict a number of local Hawaiian residents performing the ceremony, including Sebastian Alalem blowing the conch shell, Willie Carrillo beating the drum, and John Keleohi lighting the torch.^[7] The event would be followed by an hour-long Polynesian-themed show in the dining room.^[8] Bruscher had a firepit built for roasting a pig in full view of guests to entice them into the Lagoon Dining Room, one of three dining areas at the hotel, helping to distract them from the passing train.^[3]^[9] Another longtime employee was entertainer Larry Rivera, who began at the hotel as a waiter before it became the Coco Palms.^[10]

Almost immediately, Hollywood took an interest in the Coco Palms, beginning in May 1953 with the filming of Miss Sadie Thompson, starring Rita Hayworth. The Chapel in the Palm was built by the studio in the Coconut Grove specifically for this production.^[11]^[12] The film was shot in Technicolor and 3D on location in and around the Coco Palms property and the Wailua River. Along with Hayworth were actors Jose Ferrer and Aldo Ray, director Curtis Bernhardt, and the entire crew of the production also staying at the hotel.^[13] Using the Hollywood chapel, Grace Buscher would invent the Hawaiian wedding for tourists.^[14]^[15] In 1926 Charles E. King wrote the song "Ke Kali Nei Au" (Waiting There for Thee) for the musical production The Prince of Hawaii. The song was originally recorded in 1928 by Helen Desha Beamer, with its original Hawaiian-language lyrics. It was then recorded in 1951 by Bing Crosby with an English translation. In 1958 Al Hoffman and Dick Manning wrote additional English lyrics for Andy Williams. Now called"Hawaiian Wedding Song", it was featured prominently in the film Blue Hawaii, starring Elvis Presley, whose character is married at the lagoon at the Coco Palms in the finale.^[16]^[14] The hotel made a big business of selling "Blue Hawaii" weddings that recreated the floating wedding ceremony depicted in the film.^[17] Extras for this wedding package included two singers performing "Hawaiian Wedding Song" and a conch shell blower.^[18] The hotel looked a lot like a movie set, with similar details such as cement coco palm pillars.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Another ceremony established by Buscher was the Coco Palms tree-planting ceremony. The idea was to help replenish the trees that had begun to die in the grove planted by Lindeman.^[22] It was established on May 10, 1955, to honor notable people from Kauai, Hawaii, and around the world.^[7] The first tree planting was for a local radio personality named Webley Edwards of the show Hawaii Calls. The ceremonies continued until 1980 and ended with the 127th tree planting, for architect John Gregg Allerton. Others who have had trees planted in their name include Duke Kahanamoku, Gene Autry, Liberace, James A. Michener, ʻIolani Luahine (Kumu hula), and the Kawānanakoa ohana (family).^[23]

Hurricane Iniki and closure

The resort has been closed since being hit by Hurricane Iniki in 1992.^[24] Even though the hotel was closed, tours through the grounds continue with Hawaii Movie Tours, which was sold to Robert's Hawaii in 2011. Bob Jaspers, the former owner of the tour, still greets guests regularly with occasional entertainment by Larry Rivera, who recounts stories of playing and touring with Elvis.^[25] Jaspers also serves as caretaker of the grounds.^[26] On July 4, 2014, the resort caught fire.^[27] No one was injured, and the fire was controlled by early afternoon.

Purchase by Coco Palms Hui LLC

In 2013, Coco Palms Hui LLC was incorporated.^[28] The company is run by Chad Waters and Tyler Greene, who hired Agor Architects as their design firm and Unlimited Construction as their general contractor.^[29] Coco Palms Ventures, based in Maryland, had purchased the property in 2005, and it transferred the {{cvt|20|acre|ha|0}} for $11.2 million to Prudential Insurance as the lender. The buyers, Waters and Greene, estimated the cost to rebuild the hotel and restaurants at over $100 million.^[30]

In 2016, GreeneWaters LLC, operating as the Coco Palms Hui, in conjunction with Hyatt Development's Unbound program, began demolition of the old structures in preparation for construction of a new resort. Tyler Greene, the lead developer, said, "Our mantra on this has been to honor the past and celebrate the future."^[38]

Native land controversies

2009 native burials complaint

In 2009 Waldeen K. Palmeira and the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation attempted to seek a preliminary injunction and summary judgment against the Department of Transportation for a widening project that involved a portion of the Coco Palms property.^[32]

2016 ejectment, possession case

Noa Mau-Espirito, a student of Kauaʻi immersion schools and 2009 graduate of Kapaa High School who has studied ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi since his childhood, began occupying a portion of the Coco Palms resort in early 2016 with a royal land patent from the Kingdom of Hawaii. After researching his genealogy and the history of the local land, Mau-Espirito discovered a link to the area. With help from others, he began to plant taro and other traditional plants, care for burials and the nearby heiau, and clear a roadway of overgrowth with the goal of "living self-sustainably" on the land. Mau-Espirito and his cousin Kamuela Kapule O Kamehameha believe their royal patent, called a Palapala Sila Nui, gives their family land rights in perpetuity. Mau-Espirita stated: "Because my bloodline goes straight to Kaumualii, because Kamu's bloodline goes straight to Kapule, we have vested rights and vested interests in this land that nobody can take away from us." He also said: "Once a royal patent is made, it's in that family's name forever. All the kids in that bloodline will be able to come on this land." A number of other kanaka maoli, some of whom were formerly homeless or descendants of Kauaʻi royalty, joined in his efforts. The group has had encounters by police several times, but Kapule believes this is a civil matter.^[33]^[34]

An attempt was made by Coco Palms Hui to evict the group and ban them from the property, calling them "squatters" and filing trespass complaints with the Kauaʻi Police Department on February 11 and March 11, 2017.^[35] However, on May 17, Judge Michael Soong of the Fifth Circuit Court denied Coco Palms Hui's ex parte motion to remove the families, ruling that property ownership had not yet been fully determined.^[36]

This situation closely follows arrests in Wainiha, on Kauaʻi's Northern Coast, involving similar land claim assertions,^[37] and Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg's attempt to clear hundreds of ancient land titles from his {{cvt|700|acre|ha |adj=on}} Pilaa, Kauai, compound, including Pilaa Beach, which angered Hawaiians greatly, triggering international attention to the land issues on Kauaʻi and in Hawaiʻi as a whole.^[38]^[39]^[40]

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27. ^{{cite web |url=http://thegardenisland.com/news/local/coco-palms-on-fire/article_20078176-03ca-11e4-aa23-001a4bcf887a.html |title=Coco Palms fire contained}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=268342540 |title=Coco Palms Hui LLC: Private Company Information – Bloomberg |work=Construction and Engineering, Company Overview of Coco Palms Hui LLC |publisher=Bloomber L.P. |quote=Coco Palms Hui LLC develops and operates resorts. The company was incorporated in 2013 and is headquartered in Honolulu, Hawaii. |accessdate=May 28, 2018}}
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33. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.thegardenisland.com/news/local/hawaiians-claim-ownership-of-property-at-iconic-hotel-site/article_37b7a7c2-be72-54a6-b9c5-7b2b42b84434.html |title= Hawaiians Claim Ownership of Property at Iconic Hotel Site |first=Aldrn |last=Alayvilla |publisher=Web Archive/The Garden Island News |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date= January 14, 2018 |deadurl= bot: unknown |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170330163815/http://www.thegardenisland.com/news/local/hawaiians-claim-ownership-of-property-at-iconic-hotel-site/article_37b7a7c2-be72-54a6-b9c5-7b2b42b84434.html |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=}}
34. ^{{cite news |url= http://eapono.blogspot.com/2017/04/kauai-report-wailua-and-wainiha.html |title= Kauaʻi Report: Wailua and Wainiha |publisher= Hoʻopae Pono Peace Project |date= April 18, 2017}}
35. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/04/01/hawaii-news/coco-palms-owners-try-to-expel-dwellers-claiming-right-to-land |title= Coco Palms Owners Try to Expel Dwellers Claiming Right to Land |work= Honolulu Star Advertiser |date= April 1, 2017}}
36. ^{{cite news |url= http://thegardenisland.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/group-occupying-coco-palms-will-continue-to-be-on-property/article_ac40ed51-b05e-54d3-83d1-45a0ec2f873b.html |title=Group Occupying Coco Palms Will Continue to Be On Property |first=Aldrn |last=Alayvilla |work= The Garden Island Newspaper |date= May 18, 2017}}
37. ^{{cite news |url= http://thegardenisland.com/news/local/mayor-wainiha-residents-discuss-safety-arrests-kuleana-land-native-hawaiian/article_b1504df5-0520-5ec9-bfec-d650f367955b.html |title=Mayor, Wainiha Residents Discuss Safety, Arrests, Kuleana Land, Native Hawaiian Rights |first= Aldrn |last=Alayvilla |publisher=The Garden Island Newspaper |date=April 6, 2017}}
38. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/23/mark-zuckerberg-hawaii-land-lawsuits-kauai-estate |title= Hawaiians call Mark Zuckerberg 'the face of neocolonialism' over land lawsuits |first=Jon |last=Letman |work=The Guardian |date=January 23, 2017}}
39. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6_RyE6XZiw&t=67s |title= Mark Zuckerberg Sued Native Hawaiians for Their Own Land |first=Dena |last=Takruri |publisher= Al Jazeera Media Network (AJ+) |date=March 2, 2017}}
40. ^{{cite news |last1=McAvoy |first1=Audrey |title=Hawaii Mulls Bill to Help Hawaiians Keep Ancestral Land |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/hawaii/articles/2018-04-03/hawaii-mulls-bill-to-help-hawaiians-keep-ancestral-land |accessdate=20 December 2018 |work=US News |agency=Associated Press |date=April 3, 2018}}