“Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom can be divided into two broad categories: those in federal universities such as the University of London, which are primarily teaching institutions joined in a federation, and residential colleges in universities following (to a greater or lesser extent) the traditional collegiate pattern of Oxford and Cambridge, which may have academic responsibilities but are primarily residential and social. The legal status of colleges varies widely, both with regard to their corporate status and their status as educational bodies. London colleges are all considered 'recognised bodies' with the power to confer University of London degrees and, in many cases, their own degrees. Colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) are 'listed bodies', as "bodies that appear to the Secretary of State to be constituent colleges, schools, halls or other institutions of a university".^[1] Colleges of the plate glass universities of Kent, Lancaster and York, along with those of the University of Roehampton and the University of the Arts London do not have this legal recognition. Colleges of Oxford (with two exceptions), Cambridge, London, and UHI, and the "recognised colleges" and "licensed halls" of Durham, are separate corporations, while the colleges of other universities, the "maintained colleges" of Durham, and the "societies of the university" at Oxford are parts of their parent universities and do not have independent corporate existence.

In the past, many of what are now British universities with their own degree-awarding powers were colleges which had their degrees awarded by either a federal university (such as Cardiff University) or validated by another university (for example many of the post-1992 universities). Colleges that had (or have) courses validated by a university are not normally considered to be colleges of that university; similarly the redbrick universities that, as university colleges, prepared students for University of London External Degrees were not considered colleges of that university. Some universities (e.g. Cardiff University) refer to their academic faculties as "colleges",^[2] such purely academic subdivisions are not within the scope of this article.

Traditional collegiate universities

Oxford and Cambridge

The two ancient universities of England, Oxford and Cambridge (collectively termed Oxbridge) both started without colleges (in the late eleventh and early thirteenth century respectively). The first college at Oxford, University College was founded in 1249, and the first at Cambridge, Peterhouse followed in 1284. Over the following centuries, the universities

evolved into federations of autonomous colleges, with a small central university body, rather than universities in the common sense. While many of the student affairs functions are housed in the colleges, each college is more than a residence hall, but they are far from being universities. While college life and membership is an important part of the Oxbridge experience and education, only the central university body has degree-awarding power. Historically the colleges were created as a way of ensuring discipline among the notoriously unruly students.^[3] While most colleges at the two universities are independent corporations, two Oxford colleges (Kellogg College and St Cross College) are "societies" established and maintained by the central university,^[4] and a third (provisionally named Parks College) is planned to open in 2020.^[5]^[6]

In addition to accommodation, meals, common rooms, libraries, sporting and social facilities for its students, most colleges admit undergraduate students to the University and, through tutorials or supervisions, contribute to the work of educating them, together with the university's departments/faculties. Graduate students do not receive education from their college. Graduate students at Cambridge and Oxford have to name two college choices on their application, which goes to the department/faculty, and if the university accepts them, it guarantees that the applicant will have a college membership, although not necessarily at the favoured college(s).

The faculties at each university provide lectures and central facilities such as libraries and laboratories, as well as examining for and awarding degrees. Academic staff are commonly employed both by the university (typically as lecturer or professor) and by a college (as fellow or tutor), though some may have only a college or university post. Nearly all colleges cater to students studying a range of subjects.

Since almost all of the colleges are fully independent legal entities within the university, owning their own buildings, employing their own staff, and managing their own endowments, colleges vary widely in wealth, although the richer colleges often provide financial support to the poorer ones. It is entirely possible for some colleges to be in better financial health than the universities of which they are a part. Currently about 2/3 of the £4.3 billion endowment of Cambridge University is in the hands of its colleges, and therefore just 1/3 belongs to the central university.

Typically a student or fellow of an Oxbridge college is said to be "living in college" if their accommodation is inside the college buildings. Most colleges also accommodate students, especially graduate students, in houses or other buildings away from the college site.

Durham University

Durham University is also collegiate in nature, and its colleges hold the same legal status of 'listed bodies' as the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. Durham's colleges are (with two exceptions) owned by the University. They are explicitly defined in the university's statutes, meaning that permission of the Privy Council is needed to create (or abolish) colleges.

At the time of Durham's foundation, Oxford and Cambridge were the only two universities in England, thus Durham, following their example, pursued a collegiate model from the start. Two important innovations were, however, made that were later taken up for the colleges of the plate glass universities (below) and the residential colleges of US universities: the colleges at Durham were (starting with the original University College) owned by the university rather than being independent like Oxbridge colleges; and the teaching was done centrally rather than in the colleges, with the colleges being residential and responsible for student discipline, as had originally been the case at Oxford and Cambridge. The Durham model has been described as "a far better model for people at other institutions to look to, than are the independent colleges of Oxford and Cambridge".^[7]

This model was challenged by the admission to the university as teaching colleges of the College of Medicine and Armstrong College in Newcastle (now Newcastle University) in the latter half of the 19th century, and more recently of University College, Stockton (since divided into two non-teaching colleges with teaching organised separately). Hild Bede also surrendered its teacher training duties to the University on becoming a maintained college in 1979. Generally, Durham colleges are not now financially independent, exceptions being the recognised colleges of St Chad's and St John's, and Ushaw College, a licensed hall of residence. While university teaching is not carried out in the colleges, St John's College has teaching in Cranmer Hall, a Church of England theological college; St Chad's College also trained Anglican priests until the 1970s and Ushaw College was a Catholic seminary until 2011.

Although the colleges do not have any teaching duties as part of the university, they do provide meals, common rooms, libraries, sporting, scholarships and social facilities for their members. The colleges also play a large role in the pastoral care of students, with each college having a personal tutorial system, JCR, MCR & SCR and either a Master or Principal in charge of the everyday running of the college. The colleges have a role in the admissions of students, although not as large as those at Oxbridge, and normally confined to identifying students that suit the college ethos and atmosphere – departments are responsible for admissions to the university, each college for admissions to that college. Applicants can indicate their college preference through UCAS, as with Oxford and Cambridge.

As of 2018/19, there are 16 colleges in Durham City (one, Ustinov, postgraduate only): the 5 Bailey colleges located on the historic peninsula, which are usually thought of as being more traditional; the 10 Hill colleges on Elvet Hill, near the Mountjoy site on the south side of Durham; and the College of St Hild and St Bede on the Leazes Road site on the north bank of the Wear. Two colleges previously based at the Queen's Campus in Stockton-on-Tees relocated to Durham over 2017–2018. Ushaw College, a few miles west of Durham, remains a licensed hall of residence but has not taken students since closing as a seminary in 2011. Construction of a 17th college began in September 2018.^[8]^[9]

University of Lancaster

The University of Lancaster is defined by its Royal Charter to be a collegiate university.^[10] It has nine colleges, eight of which are for undergraduate students and one – Graduate College – which is for postgraduate students. The undergraduate colleges consist of: Bowland; Cartmel; County; Furness; Fylde; Grizedale; Lonsdale and Pendle, all of which have their own bars with different themes.^[11] The undergraduate colleges were founded between 1964 (when the University was established) and 1974, with Graduate College being added in 1992.

Each students is assigned to a specific college upon starting study at Lancaster. Colleges are independent to a student's field of study. Academic staff are also college members.^[11] There is a programme of inter-college sports, with the winner being awarded the Carter Shield.^[12]

University of York

The University of York is collegiate, and as of 2017 is made up of nine colleges with two more planned to begin construction in 2019, opening in 2020 and 2021.^[13]^[14]^[15] The colleges are more centralised than at Oxbridge and although they are not listed bodies they perform the same roles as colleges at Durham, and they play an important role in the pastoral care of the student body. One college, Wentworth, is postgraduate only.^[16] The day-to-day running of the colleges is managed by an elected committee of staff and student members chaired by the college's Provost. Colleges have a Junior Common Room for undergraduate students, which is managed by the elected Junior Common Room Committee, and a Graduate Common Room for post-graduate students, as well as a Senior Common Room, which is managed by elected representatives of the college's academic and administrative members.

Intercollegiate sport is one of the main activities of the colleges. Currently there are 21 leagues with weekly fixtures, in addition a number of one day events are organised as well.^[17] In 2014 the "College Varsity" tournament was created, with sporting competitions held between York's colleges and the colleges of Durham University. York hosted the first tournament which was won by Durham's colleges; the second tournament was hosted by Durham in 2015, who won again. The third tournament was held in York in 2016, with York winning for the first time, and the fourth in Durham in 2017, with the hosts reclaiming the title.^[18]^[19]^[20]

University of Kent

All students at the University of Kent are part of one of the seven colleges. Each college has a Master, who is responsible for enforcing University regulations and ensuring safe student conduct. Each college also has an elected student committee. There are six colleges (Eliot, Rutherford, Keynes, Darwin, Turing and Woolf) on the Canterbury campus, with Woolf being "mainly postgraduate", and Medway College on the Medway campus.^[21]

University of Roehampton

The University of Roehampton, London has its roots in the traditions of its four constituent colleges – Digby Stuart, Froebel, Southlands and Whitelands – which were all formed in the 19th century. Each college has a "providing body", an independent charity that owns the freehold or leasehold interest of the college's property.^[22] The university holds long-term leases and management agreements with the providing bodies for three of the colleges, and a rolling seven-year licensed and management agreement for Whitelands. While the colleges were all originally independent, they have now merged into the university, with the last college (Whitelands) merging in 2012.^[23]

Federal universities

University of London

The University of London is a federal university comprising 17 constituent colleges, which largely operate as universities in their own right. For most practical purposes, ranging from admissions to funding, the constituent colleges operate on a semi-independent basis, with some recently obtaining the power to award their own degrees whilst remaining in the federal university. For historical reasons the two founding colleges, University College and King's College, have names resembling those of Oxbridge colleges.

As originally established in 1836, London was an examining board and degree awarding body for affiliated colleges. Starting with UCL and King's, which were named in the original charter, the list of affiliated colleges grew to include everything from grammar schools to the universities of the British Empire by 1858, when the affiliated college system was abandoned and London's degree examinations thrown open to anyone. Following a campaign led by UCL and King's in the late 19th century, the University became a federal body in 1900. The Constitution evolved during the 20th century, with power shifting towards the central University and then back towards the colleges. In the mid 1990s the colleges gained direct access to government funding and the right to confer University of London degrees themselves, and from 2008 those colleges that held their own degree awarding powers were allowed to use them while remaining part of the federation.

The nine largest colleges of the university are King's College London; University College London; Birkbeck; Goldsmiths; the London Business School; Queen Mary; Royal Holloway; SOAS; and the London School of Economics and Political Science. The specialist colleges of the university include Heythrop College, specialising in philosophy and theology, and St George's, specialising in medicine. Imperial College London was formerly a member before it left the University of London in 2007 on becoming a university in its own right.^[24]

Later the expansion of the University saw the growth of the small specialist colleges such as the Royal Academy of Music and Institute of Education, University of London (now part of UCL) either by establishing within or merging into the University.

Since the mid 1990s, all University of London colleges have been Recognised Bodies with the right to confer University of London degrees. From 2005 onwards, the Privy Council has granted independent degree awarding powers to most of the colleges, many of which have, since 2008, awarded their own degrees rather than London degrees.

The University of London also has three Central Academic Bodies: the School of Advanced Studies, the University of London Institute in Paris (ULIP), and the University of London Academy, which are under the direct control of the central University and are not considered colleges.^[25]

University of Wales

In the University of Wales, colleges were the lower tier of institutional membership in the federal structure, below constituent institutions, following the reorganisation of the university in 1996. Prior to this, the member institutions were all called colleges. After 2007 the colleges and constituent institutions all became independent universities, with the University of Wales shifting to a confederal structure where it validated degrees from these and other institutions. From 2011, the University of Wales has only validated the degrees of University of Wales Trinity Saint David, with which it is in the process of merging (expected to be completed by 2017).

University of the Arts London

The University of the Arts London (UAL) comprises six specialist art and design colleges, dating from the mid-1850s, that were brought together for administrative purposes. The colleges are not Listed Bodies and do not have separate legal status,^[26] but maintain their separate identity and teach their own courses within the University.^[27] As a consortium of teaching colleges, each teaching their own courses, joined under the umbrella of the central University, UAL is essentially federal, but differs from UHI and London in that its colleges are not independent bodies.

University of the Highlands and Islands

The University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) is a federal collegiate university consisting of 13 independent "academic partner" colleges.^[28] Like the colleges of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham, and those of London prior to the mid 1990s, UHI colleges are Listed Bodies.

Universities with associated colleges

A few universities, while operating as unitary institutions, have associated colleges in federal relationships.

Queen's University Belfast

University of South Wales

The University of South Wales encompasses the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama.^[30] Like the university colleges associated with Queen's University Belfast, this is a listed body under part two of the listed bodies order.^[31]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/2993/note/made|title=The Education (Listed Bodies) (England) Order 2013 – Explanatory Note|accessdate=20 February 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/organisation/college-structure|title=College structure|publisher=Cardiff University|accessdate=20 February 2016}}
3. ^Trevelyan, G. M. English Social History. Longmans, Green and Co, 1948, pp. 53–55
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/782-121.shtml|title=Statute V: Colleges, Societies, and Permanent Private Halls|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=7 July 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/future-projects-parks-college |title=Parks College |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=2 April 2019}}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Gould |first=Tom |url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2019/02/01/new-grad-college-to-share-rsl-as-flexible-space-university-reveals/ |title=New Grad College To Share RSL As “Flexible Space”, University Reveals |work=The Oxford Student |date=1 February 2019 |accessdate=2 April 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://collegiateway.org/news/2004-durham-colleges|title=The Collegiate System at the University of Durham|author=R. J. O'Hara|publisher=The Collegiate Way|date=20 December 2004|accessdate=21 February 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/experience/colleges/ourcolleges/|title=Explore our colleges|publisher=Durham University|accessdate=18 August 2018}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/16693505.work-starts-on-durham-universitys-new-80m-colleges/|title=Work starts on Durham University's new £80m colleges|date=7 September 2018|work=Northern Echo|author=Rachel Conner-Hill}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/GAP/GAP2007/Charter-Statutes-Ordinances.pdf|title=Charter, Statutes and Ordinances|publisher=University of Lancaster|accessdate=28 February 2016}}
11. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/study/teaching-and-learning/collegiate-system/|title=Our Colleges|publisher=University of Lancaster|accessdate=28 February 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://lusu.co.uk/get-involved/sport-3/carter-shield-league/|title=Carter Shield League|accessdate=28 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095836/http://lusu.co.uk/get-involved/sport-3/carter-shield-league/|archivedate=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/study/student-life/colleges/|title=College life|publisher=University of York|accessdate=29 August 2017}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2016/10/04/two-new-colleges-announced-as-five-hundred-freshers-miss-out-on-campus-accommodation/|title= Two new colleges announced as five hundred freshers miss out on campus accommodation|author=Amy Gibbons|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=29 August 2017|work=Nouse}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/campus-investment/projects/new-residences/|title=New residences|accessdate=22 September 2018|publisher=University of York}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/colleges/wentworth/about/historyofthecollege/|title=College history|publisher=Wentworth College|accessdate=21 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122000726/http://www.york.ac.uk/colleges/wentworth/about/historyofthecollege/|archivedate=22 January 2015|df=}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://collegesport.yusu.org/|title=College Sport|publisher=College Sport at York|accessdate=26 January 2015}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkvision.co.uk/sport/new-college-varsity/29/10/2013|title=New College Varsity|publisher=York Vision|date=29 October 2013|accessdate=21 January 2015}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.palatinate.org.uk/durham-lose-college-varsity-to-york/|title=Durham lose College Varsity to York|work=Palatinate|date=1 March 2016|accessdate=29 August 2017|author=Matt Roberts}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.palatinate.org.uk/varsity-triumph-highlights-strength-in-depth/|title= Varsity triumph highlights strength in depth|date=10 March 2017|accessdate=29 August 2017|work=Palatinate|author=Josh Males}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/student/colleges/|title=Colleges|publisher=University of Kent|accessdate=13 August 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Articles of Association|publisher=University of Roehampton|url=http://www.roehampton.ac.uk/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737424125|accessdate=17 March 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.roehampton.ac.uk/uploadedFiles/Pages_Assets/PDFs/Finance/Accounts%20the%20one.pdf|title=Annual report and financial statements 2012 – 2013|publisher=University of Roehampton|accessdate=17 March 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/history/college-developments/|title=A timeline of College developments|accessdate=6 February 2016|publisher=Imperial College London}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/structure.html|title=Structure of the University|publisher=University of London|accessdate=6 February 2016}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.ac.uk/about-ual/strategy-governance/public-information/charitable-status/|title=Charitable Status|publisher=University of the Arts London|accessdate=21 February 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/|title=Colleges|publisher=University of the Arts London|accessdate=21 February 2016}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.hays.co.uk/jobs/UHI/about_us.html|title=University of the Highlands and Islands|accessdate=20 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310055250/http://www1.hays.co.uk/jobs/UHI/about_us.html|archivedate=10 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/2993/schedule/part/2/paragraph/1n8/made|title=QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST|accessdate=24 September 2016|date=27 November 2013}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rwcmd.ac.uk/about_us/corporate_information.aspx|title=Corporate Information|website=Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama|accessdate=24 September 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/2993/schedule/part/2/paragraph/1n9/made|title=UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH WALES / PRIFYSGOL DE CYMRU|accessdate=24 September 2016|date=27 November 2013}}