请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Cadence
释义

  1. Common classifications

     Perfect authentic cadence  Imperfect authentic cadence  Evaded cadence  Half cadence  Phrygian half cadence  Lydian cadence  Burgundian cadences  Plagal half cadence  Deceptive cadence{{anchor|Interrupted_(deceptive)_cadence}} 

  2. Other classifications

     Inverted cadence  Rhythmic classifications  Picardy third  Upper leading-tone cadence 

  3. In medieval and Renaissance polyphony

      Clausula vera    Plagal cadence    Pause    Evaded cadence    Corelli cadence    English cadence    Landini cadence  

  4. Classical cadential trill

  5. Jazz

  6. Rhythmic cadence

  7. See also

  8. References

{{other uses}}{{Image frame|content=
    {      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c'' {                \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4                d2 b c1                }            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                \\stemDown                f2 d e1                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4                a2 g g1                }            \ew Voice \\relative c {                \\stemDown                d2 g, c1 \\bar "||"                }            >>    >> }
|width=300|caption=Perfect authentic cadence (V–I with roots in the bass parts and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord): ii–V–I progression in C major, four-part harmony (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 90).}}In Western musical theory, a cadence (Latin cadentia, "a falling") is "a melodic or harmonic configuration that creates a sense of resolution [finality or pause]."[1] A harmonic cadence is a progression of (at least) two chords that concludes a phrase, section, or piece of music.[2] A rhythmic cadence is a characteristic rhythmic pattern that indicates the end of a phrase.[3]

A cadence is labeled more or less "weak" or "strong" depending on its sense of finality. While cadences are usually classified by specific chord or melodic progressions, the use of such progressions does not necessarily constitute a cadence—there must be a sense of closure, as at the end of a phrase. Harmonic rhythm plays an important part in determining where a cadence occurs.

Cadences are strong indicators of the tonic or central pitch of a passage or piece.[1] Edward Lowinsky proposed that the cadence was the "cradle of tonality".[4]

Common classifications

In music of the common practice period, cadences are divided into four main types, according to their harmonic progression: authentic (typically perfect authentic or imperfect authentic), half, plagal, and deceptive. Typically, phrases end on authentic or half cadences, and the terms plagal and deceptive refer to motion that avoids or follows a phrase-ending cadence. Each cadence can be described using the Roman numeral system of naming chords.

===Authentic cadence===

An authentic cadence is a cadence from V to I (i.e. dominant to tonic). A seventh above the root is often added to create V7, and the V is often preceded by a cadential {{music|64 chord}} chord. The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians says, "This cadence is a microcosm of the tonal system, and is the most direct means of establishing a pitch as tonic. It is virtually obligatory as the final structural cadence of a tonal work."[1] Authentic cadences are generally classified as either perfect or imperfect. The phrase perfect cadence is sometimes used as a synonym for authentic cadence but can also have a more precise meaning depending on the chord voicing.

Perfect authentic cadence

{{Image frame|content=
    {      \\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t  \\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8)      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\key c \\minor \\time 4/4                c4-. d-.(\\f\\trill \\grace {c16 d} es4-.) -.                 }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\relative c' {                \\clef bass \\key c \\minor \\time 4/4                c4-. -. -. -.                 }            >>    >> }
|width=300|caption=A perfect authentic cadence in Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8, mvmt. III, mm. 16–17.[5]}}In a perfect authentic cadence (PAC), the chords are in root position – that is, the roots of both chords are in the bass – and the tonic is in the highest voice of the final chord. This is generally considered the strongest type of cadence and often found at structurally defining moments.[6] Music theorist William Caplin writes that the perfect authentic cadence "achieves complete harmonic and melodic closure."[7]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             b1 c              }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              g1 g              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             d1 e             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown             g1 c, \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Imperfect authentic cadence

There are three distinct types of imperfect authentic cadences (IAC):

  • Root position IAC (shown below): Similar to a perfect authentic cadence, but the highest voice is not the tonic.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}
  • Inverted IAC: Similar to a perfect authentic cadence, but one or both chords is inverted.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}
  • Leading tone IAC: The V chord is replaced with the viio/subV chord (but the cadence still ends on I).{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             d1 e              }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              g1 g              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             b1 c             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown             g1 c, \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Evaded cadence

An evaded cadence goes from V{{su|b=2|p=4}} to I{{su|p=6}}.[8] Because the seventh must fall step wise, it forces the cadence to resolve to the less stable first inversion chord. To achieve this, a root position V usually changes to a V{{su|b=2|p=4}} right before resolution, thereby "evading" the cadence. (See also inverted cadence below.)

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             b1 c1             }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              g1 g1              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             d1 c1             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown             g2 f e1 \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Half cadence

A half cadence (also called an imperfect cadence or semicadence) is any cadence ending on V, whether preceded by II (V of V), ii, vi, IV, or I—or any other chord. Because it sounds incomplete or suspended, the half cadence is considered a weak cadence that calls for continuation.[11]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             c1 b              }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              g1 g              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             e1 d             }         \ew Voice \\relative c {             \\stemDown             c1 g' \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Several types of half cadences are described below.

Phrygian half cadence

{{Image frame|content=
    {      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c'' {                \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key e \\minor \\time 4/4                \\partial4 a4 b8 a g4 fis e8 fis g4 a b \\fermata                }            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                \\stemDown                \\partial4 d4 d8 dis e4 dis e8 dis e[ g] fis e dis4                }           \\addlyrics { Lord, with _ Thy grace my _ soul _ re - fresh! }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key e \\minor \\time 4/4                \\partial4 a g8 a b4 b b8 a b4 c fis,                }            \ew Voice \\relative c {                \\stemDown                \\partial4 fis4 g8 fis e4 b'8[ a] g fis e d c4 b_\\fermata                }            >>    >> }
|width=420|caption=A Phrygian half cadence in Bach's four-part chorale, Schau, lieber Gott, wie meine Feind[9]}}A Phrygian half cadence is a half cadence iv6–V in minor, so named because the semitonal motion in the bass (sixth degree to fifth degree) resembles the half-step heard in the ii–I of the 15th-century cadence in the Phrygian mode. Due to its being a survival from modal Renaissance harmony this cadence gives an archaic sound, especially when preceded by v (v–iv6–V).[10] A characteristic gesture in Baroque music, the Phrygian cadence often concluded a slow movement immediately followed by a faster one.[11] With the addition of motion in the upper part to the sixth degree, it becomes the Landini cadence.[1]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\minor \\time 4/4             f1 g             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown              c1 d              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\minor \\time 4/4             c1 b             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown             aes1 g \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Lydian cadence

A Lydian cadence is similar to the Phrygian half cadence, involving iv6–V in the minor. The difference is that in the Lydian cadence, the whole iv6 is raised by a half step. In other words, the Phrygian half cadence begins with the first chord built on scale degree {{music|scale|4}}, while the Lydian half cadence is built on the scale degree {{music|sharp}}{{music|scale|4}}.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\minor \\time 4/4             fis1 g             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown              cis1 d              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\minor \\time 4/4             cis1 b             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown             a1 g \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Burgundian cadences

Burgundian cadences became popular in Burgundian music. Note the parallel fourths between the upper voices.[12]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             fis1 g             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown              c1 d              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             c1 b             }         \ew Voice \\relative c {             \\stemDown             d1 g, \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Plagal half cadence

The rare plagal half cadence involves a I–IV progression. Like an authentic cadence (V–I), the plagal half cadence involves an ascending fifth (or, by inversion, a descending fourth).[13] The plagal half cadence is a weak cadence, ordinarily at the ending of an antecedent phrase, after which a consequent phrase commences. One example of this use is in "Auld Lang Syne". But in one very unusual occurrence – the end of the exposition of the first movement of Brahms' Clarinet Trio, Op. 114—it is used to complete not just a musical phrase but an entire section of a movement.[14]

===Plagal cadence===

A plagal cadence is a cadence from IV to I. It is also known as the Amen cadence because of its frequent setting to the text "Amen" in hymns.

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             c1 c             }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              a1 g              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             c1 e             }         \ew Voice \\relative c {             \\stemDown             f1 c' \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

William Caplin disputes the existence of plagal cadences in music of the classical era:

{{quote|An examination of the classical repertory reveals that such a cadence rarely exists. ... Inasmuch as the progression IV–I cannot confirm a tonality (it lacks any leading-tone resolution), it cannot articulate formal closure .... Rather, this progression is normally part of a tonic prolongation serving a variety of formal functions – not, however a cadential one. Most examples of plagal cadences given in textbooks actually represent a postcadential codetta function: that is, the IV–I progression follows an authentic cadence but does not itself create genuine cadential closure."[15]|sign=|source=}}

It may be noticed that the plagal cadence, "leaves open the possibility of interpretation as V–I–V" rather than I–IV–I.[16] The term "minor plagal cadence" is used to refer to the iv–I progression. Sometimes a combination of major and minor plagal cadence is used (IV–iv–I)

Deceptive cadence{{anchor|Interrupted_(deceptive)_cadence}}

{{Image frame|content=
    {      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \\relative c'' {                \\tempo "Andante cantabile"                \\clef treble \\key f \\major \\time 3/4                \\partial4. c8-.(_\\markup { \\italic dolce } c-. c-.)                c8.[ \\grace { d32^( c b c } f16)] c8-. a( c e,)                g4( f8)                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c {                \\clef bass \\key f \\major \\time 3/4                \\partial4. r8 r4

2 4

                \\stemUp bes'^( a8)                }            \ew Voice \\relative c {                \\stemDown                \\partial4. s8 s4                s2.                d4.                }            >>    >> }

|width=350|caption=A deceptive cadence in the second movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 10[16]}}A deceptive cadence (also called an interrupted cadence) is a cadence from V to vi. The most important irregular resolution,[17] most commonly V7–vi (or V7–{{music|b}}VI) in major or V7–VI in minor.[17][18] This is considered a weak cadence because of the "hanging" (suspended) feeling it invokes.

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             b1 c              }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              g1 e              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             d1 c             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown             g1 a \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

At the beginning of the final movement of Gustav Mahler's 9th Symphony, the listener hears a string of many deceptive cadences progressing from V to IV6.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

One of the most striking uses of this cadence is in the A-minor section at the end of the exposition in the first movement of Brahms' Third Symphony. The music progresses to an implied E minor dominant (B7) with a rapid chromatic scale upwards but suddenly sidesteps to C major. The same device is used again in the recapitulation; this time the sidestep is—as one would expect—to F major, the tonic key of the whole Symphony.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The interrupted cadence is also frequently used in popular music. For example, the Pink Floyd song "Bring the Boys Back Home" ends with such a cadence (at approximately 0:45–50).{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Other classifications

Inverted cadence

An inverted cadence (also called a medial cadence) inverts the last chord. It may be restricted only to the perfect and imperfect cadence, or only to the perfect cadence, or it may apply to cadences of all types.[19] To distinguish them from this form, the other, more common forms of cadences listed above are known as radical cadences.[20]

Rhythmic classifications

Cadences can also be classified by their rhythmic position:

  • A metrically accented cadence occurs on a strong position, typically the downbeat of a measure.
  • A metrically unaccented cadence occurs in a metrically weak position, for instance, after a long appoggiatura.

Metrically accented cadences are considered stronger and are generally of greater structural significance. In the past, the terms masculine and feminine were sometimes used to describe rhythmically "strong" or "weak" cadences, but this terminology is no longer acceptable to some.[21] Susan McClary has written extensively on the gendered terminology of music and music theory in her book Feminine Endings.[22]

The example below shows a metrically unaccented cadence (IV–V–I). The final chord is postponed to fall on a weak beat.[23]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             c2 b^~ b4 c2.             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown              f2 d_~ d4 e2.              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             a2 g^~ g4 g2.             }         \ew Voice \\relative c, {             \\stemDown             f2 g_~ g4 c2. \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Picardy third

A Picardy third (or Picardy cadence) is a harmonic device that originated in Western music in the Renaissance era. It refers to the use of a major chord of the tonic at the end of a musical section that is either modal or in a minor key. The example below shows a picardy third in J.S. Bach's Jesu, meine Freude (Jesus, My Joy), mm. 12–13.[24]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key e \\minor \\time 4/4             \\partial2 b4 b a g fis2 e1             }         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemDown              \\partial2 e4 e8 dis e fis g e e4 dis b1              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\stemUp \\clef bass \\key e \\minor \\time 4/4             \\partial2 g8 a b4 c b cis b8 a! gis1             }         \ew Voice \\relative c {             \\stemDown             \\partial2 e8 fis g e c d e c ais4 b e,1             }         >>    >>

Upper leading-tone cadence

The example below shows a cadence featuring an upper leading-tone from a well-known 16th-century lamentation, the debate over which was documented in Rome c.1540.[25] The final three written notes in the upper voice are B–C–D, in which case a trill on C produces D. However, convention implied a C{{music|sharp}}, and a cadential trill of a whole tone on the second to last note produces D{{music|sharp}}/E{{music|flat}}, the upper leading-tone of D{{music|natural}}. Presumably, the debate was over whether to use C{{music|sharp}}–D{{music|sharp}} or C{{music|sharp}}–D for the trill. ({{audio|Escribano - Lamentation, upper leading-tone cadence.mid|Play upper-leading tone trill}} {{audio|Escribano - Lamentation, upper leading-tone cadence diatonic.mid|Play diatonic trill}})

    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 2/2            \\relative c' {                \\clef treble \\time 2/2                e2 f2~ f4 e d2~ d4 \\once \\set suggestAccidentals = ##t cis8 b \\once \\set suggestAccidentals = ##t cis!2 d1\\fermata                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 2/2            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                r2 a f g a1 a1\\fermata                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef bass \\time 2/2            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                a1 d, e d\\fermata                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef bass \\time 2/2            \ew Voice \\relative c {                a1 bes a d\\fermata \\bar "|."                }            >>    >>

>> }

In medieval and Renaissance polyphony

Medieval and Renaissance cadences are based upon dyads rather than chords. The first theoretical mention of cadences comes from Guido of Arezzo's description of the occursus in his Micrologus, where he uses the term to mean where the two lines of a two-part polyphonic phrase end in a unison.

Clausula vera

{{Image frame|content=
    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/2            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/2                c4 a d1 cis2 d\\breve                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/2            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                f2 e4 d e2 e d\\breve \\bar "|."                }            >>    >>

>> }

|width=300|caption=A clausula vera cadence from Lassus's Beatus homo, mm. 34–35.[32] }}

A clausula or clausula vera ("true close") is a dyadic or intervallic, rather than chordal or harmonic, cadence. In a clausula vera, two voices approach an octave or unison through stepwise motion[26] in contrary motion.

    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4                b1 c                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                d1 c \\bar "||"                }            >>    >>

>> }

{{Image frame|content=
    {       \\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t  \\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/2)

<< \ew StaffGroup <<

        \ew Staff <<            \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo 2 = 60            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/2            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/2 \\key g \\dorian                bes4 a g1 fis2 g\\breve                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef "treble_8" \\time 4/2 \\key g \\dorian            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                g1 a g\\breve                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef bass \\time 4/2 \\key g \\dorian            \ew Voice \\relative c {                es1 d g,\\breve \\bar "|."                }            >>    >>

>> }

|width=340|caption=A three-voice clausula vera from Palestrina's Deposuit potentes, mm. 27–28.[26]}}

In three voices, the third voice often adds a falling fifth creating a cadence similar to the authentic cadence in tonal music.[26]

    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4                b1 c                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \\relative c' {                d1 c                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef bass \\time 4/4            \\relative c' {                g1 c, \\bar "||"                }            >>    >>

>> }

According to Carl Dahlhaus, "as late as the 13th century the half step was experienced as a problematic interval not easily understood, as the remainder between the perfect fourth and the ditone:[27]

In a melodic half step, listeners of the time perceived no tendency of the lower tone toward the upper, or the upper toward the lower. The second tone was not the 'goal' of the first. Instead, musicians avoided the half step in clausulas because, to their ears, it lacked clarity as an interval. Beginning in the 13th century cadences begin to require motion in one voice by half step and the other a whole step in contrary motion.

Plagal cadence

A plagal cadence was found occasionally as an interior cadence, with the lower voice in two-part writing moving up a perfect fifth or down a perfect fourth.[28]

    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4                e1 d                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                c1 g' \\bar "||"                }            >>    >>

>> }

Pause

A pause in one voice may also be used as a weak interior cadence.[28] The example below, Lassus's Qui vult venire post me, mm. 3–5, shows a pause in the third measure.

    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo 2 = 66            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/2            \\relative c' {                \\clef "treble_8" \\time 4/2 \\key g \\dorian                r2 g a1 bes c bes r2 c                }            \\addlyrics { ve -- ni -- re post me, ve -- }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef bass \\time 4/2 \\key g \\dorian            \ew Voice \\relative c {                e1 f g f r2 g a1                }            \\addlyrics { ni -- re post me, ve -- ni -- }            >>    >>

>> }

Evaded cadence

In counterpoint, an evaded cadence is one where one of the voices in a suspension does not resolve as expected, and the voices together resolved to a consonance other than an octave or unison[29] (a perfect fifth, a sixth, or a third).

Corelli cadence

The Corelli cadence, or Corelli clash, named for its association with the violin music of the Corelli school, is a cadence characterized by a major and/or minor second clash between the tonic and the leading-tone or the tonic and supertonic. An example is shown below.[30]

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo 4 = 72         \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemUp \\clef treble \\key a \\minor \\time 3/4             c4 b4. a8 a2.             }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\stemDown              a4 a4. gis8 a2.              }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"             \\clef bass \\key a \\minor \\time 3/4             c8 d e4 e, a2.             }         >>    >>

English cadence

Another "clash cadence", the English cadence, is a contrapuntal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cadence. It features the blue seventh against the dominant chord[31], which in the key of C would be B{{music|flat}} and G–B{{music|natural}}–D. Popular with English composers of the High Renaissance and Restoration periods in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English cadence is described as archaic[32] or old-fashioned[33] sounding. It was first given its name in the 20th century.

The hallmark of this device is the dissonant augmented octave (compound augmented unison) produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree, as shown below in an excerpt from O sacrum convivium by Thomas Tallis. The courtesy accidental on the tenor's G{{music|natural}} is editorial.

  1. (set-global-staff-size 18)
          \\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t  \\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16)

<< \ew StaffGroup <<

        \ew Staff <<            \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo 4 = 72            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \\relative c' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4                f8 e a2 \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red gis4 a1                }            \\addlyrics { (su) -- _ _ mi -- tur, }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                d4. c8 b4 b a1                }            \\addlyrics { su -- _ _ mi -- tur, }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                f4 f e4. d8 cis2. e4                }            \\addlyrics { Chri -- stus su -- mi -- tur, re- }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs"            \\clef "treble_8" \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                a4 f \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red g?4. f8 e1                }            \\addlyrics { su -- _ _ mi -- tur, }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef bass \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c {                d4 d e e a,1                }            \\addlyrics { Chri -- stus su -- mi -- tur, }            >>    >>

>> }

Landini cadence

A Landini cadence (also known as a Landini sixth, Landini sixth cadence, or under-third cadence[34]) is a cadence that was used extensively in the 14th and early 15th century. It is named after Francesco Landini, a composer who used them profusely. Similar to a clausula vera, it includes an escape tone in the upper voice, which briefly narrows the interval to a perfect fifth before the octave.

    { << \ew StaffGroup <<        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4                b2 a c1                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\clef treble \\time 4/4            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                d1 c \\bar "||"                }            >>    >>

>> }

Classical cadential trill

{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}

In the Classical period, composers often drew out the authentic cadences at the ends of sections; the cadence's dominant chord might take up a measure or two, especially if it contained the resolution of a suspension remaining from the chord preceding the dominant. During these two measures, the solo instrument (in a concerto) often played a trill on the supertonic (the fifth of the dominant chord); although supertonic and subtonic trills had been common in the Baroque era, they usually lasted only a half measure.

Extended cadential trills were by far most frequent in Mozart's music, and although they were also found in early Romantic music, their use was restricted chiefly to piano concerti (and to a lesser extent, violin concerti) because they were most easily played and most effective on the piano and violin; the cadential trill and resolution would be generally followed by an orchestral coda. Beethoven was a good example of this, limiting it almost entirely to his concerti, and most other Romantic composers including Chopin and Schumann followed suit; Schubert, who did not write any concerti, hardly used it at all (the Adagio and Rondo Concertante D. 487, a chamber work, being one prominent exception). At the other end of the spectrum, even Mozart rarely used the trill in symphonies. Because the music generally became louder and more dramatic leading up to it, a cadence was used for climactic effect, and was often embellished by Romantic composers. Later on in the Romantic era, however, other dramatic virtuosic movements were often used to close sections instead.

Jazz

In jazz, a cadence is often referred to as a turnaround, chord progressions that lead back and resolve to the tonic (for example, the ii-V-I turnaround). Turnarounds may be used at any point and not solely before the tonic.

Half-step cadences are common in jazz if not cliché.[35] For example, the ascending diminished seventh chord half-step cadence, which—using a secondary diminished seventh chord—creates momentum between two chords a major second apart (with the diminished seventh in between).[36]

{

    \\relative c' {        \\time 4/4

1 \\bar "||"

}

The descending diminished seventh chord half-step cadence is assisted by two common tones.[36]

{

    \\relative c' {        \\time 4/4

1 \\bar "||"

}

Rhythmic cadence

Rhythmic cadences often feature a final note longer than the prevailing note values and this often follows a characteristic rhythmic pattern repeated at the end of the phrase.[3] The example below shows a characteristic rhythmic cadence at the end of the first phrase of J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major, BMV 1048, mvmt. I, mm. 1–2:

\\relative c {

   \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin"   \\clef treble    \\time 2/2   \\key g \\major   \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo 4 = 96
   \\partial8 g16 fis 16   g8[ d16 c] d8[ g16 fis] g8[ b,16 a] b8[ g'16 fis]   g8[ g,16 a] b8[ cis] d4 r

}

See also

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Andalusian cadence
  • Approach chord
  • Cadential six-four
  • Coda
  • Cadenza
  • Drum cadence
  • Kadans
  • Lament bass
  • List of Caribbean music genres: cadence-lypso and cadence rampa
  • V–IV–I turnaround
  • {{music|b}}VII–V7 cadence
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 Don Michael Randel (1999). The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians, p. 105-106. {{ISBN|0-674-00084-6}}.
2. ^Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p. 359. 7th ed. {{ISBN|978-0-07-294262-0}}.
3. ^1 Benward & Saker (2003). p. 91.
4. ^Judd, Cristle Collins (1998). "Introduction: Analyzing Early Music", Tonal Structures of Early Music, {{Page needed|date=May 2010}}. (ed. Judd). New York: Garland Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8153-2388-3}}.
5. ^White, John D. (1976). The Analysis of Music, p.34. {{ISBN|0-13-033233-X}}.
6. ^Thomas Benjamin, Johann Sebastian Bach (2003). The Craft of Tonal Counterpoint, p.284. {{ISBN|0-415-94391-4}}.
7. ^Caplin, William E. (2000). Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, p.51. {{ISBN|0-19-514399-X}}.
8. ^Darcy and Hepokoski (2006). Elements of Sonata Theory: Norms, Types, and Deformations in the Late-Eighteenth-Century Sonata, p.. {{ISBN|0-19-514640-9}}. "the unexpected motion of a cadential dominant chord to a I6 (instead of the normatively cadential I)"
9. ^White (1976), p.38.
10. ^Finn Egeland Hansen (2006). Layers of musical meaning, p.208. {{ISBN|87-635-0424-3}}.
11. ^Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music, p. 130. {{ISBN|0-674-01163-5}}.
12. ^White (1976), p.129-130.
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Daniel|title=Harmonic Function in Chromatic Music: A Renewed Dualist Theory and an Account of Its Precedents|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226318087|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SyNx1vr-AkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Notley|first1=Margaret|title=Plagal Harmony as Other: Asymmetrical Dualism and Instrumental Music by Brahms|journal=The Journal of Musicology|date=2005|volume=22|issue=1|pages=114–130}}
15. ^{{Cite book | last = Caplin | first = William E. | authorlink = William Caplin | title = Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1998 | pages = 43–45 | isbn = 0-19-510480-3}}
16. ^1 2 Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker (1934: Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks: Eine Einführung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers), p. 24. Trans. John Rothgeb. {{ISBN|0-582-28227-6}}.
17. ^1 Foote, Arthur (2007). Modern Harmony in its Theory and Practice, p. 93. {{ISBN|1-4067-3814-X}}.
18. ^Owen, Harold (2000). Music Theory Resource Book, p.132. {{ISBN|0-19-511539-2}}.
19. ^Kennedy, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, p.116. {{ISBN|0-19-860884-5}}.
20. ^"Medial cadence". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 23 Jul. 2013.
21. ^{{Cite web | last = Society for Music Theory | authorlink = Society for Music Theory | title = Guidelines for Nonsexist Language | work = | publisher = Western Michigan University | date = 1996-06-06 | url = http://www.wmich.edu/mus-theo/nsl.html | doi = | accessdate = 2008-07-19}}
22. ^{{Cite book | last = McClary | first = Susan | authorlink = Susan McClary | title = Feminism and Music | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-8166-4189-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7waGip0qN6sC}}
23. ^Apel, Willi (1970). Harvard Dictionary of Music. cited in McClary, Susan (2002). Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality, p.9. {{ISBN|0-8166-4189-7}}.
24. ^Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker, Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II, eighth edition (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2009), p. 74. {{ISBN|978-0-07-310188-0}}.
25. ^Berger, Karol (1987). Musica Ficta: Theories of Accidental Inflections in Vocal Polyphony from Marchetto da Padova to Gioseffo Zarlino, p. 148. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-54338-X}}.
26. ^1 2 3 Benward & Saker (2009). Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II, p. 13. Eighth Edition. {{ISBN|978-0-07-310188-0}}.
27. ^{{Cite book | last = Dahlhaus | first = Carl | authorlink = Carl Dahlhaus | title = Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality | others = trans. Robert O. Gjerdingen | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-691-09135-8}}
28. ^1 Benward & Saker (2009), p. 14.
29. ^Schubert, Peter (1999). Modal Counterpoint, Renaissance Style, p.132. {{ISBN|0-19-510912-0}}.
30. ^Latham, Alison, ed. (2002). The Oxford Companion to Music, p.192. {{ISBN|0-19-866212-2}}.
31. ^van der Merwe, Peter (2005). Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music, p.492. {{ISBN|0-19-816647-8}}.
32. ^Carver, Anthony (1988). The Development of Sacred Polychoral Music to the Time of Schütz, p.136. {{ISBN|0-521-30398-2}}. If the clash cadence is already, "archaic, [and/or] mannered," in the music of Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672) it must surely be so now.
33. ^Herissone, Rebecca (2001). Music Theory in Seventeenth-Century England, p.170. {{ISBN|0-19-816700-8}}.
34. ^van der Merwe, Peter (2005). Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music, p.501. {{ISBN|0-19-816647-8}}.
35. ^Norman Carey (Spring, 2002). Untitled review: Harmonic Experience by W. A. Mathieu, p.125. Music Theory Spectrum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 121–34.
36. ^1 Richard Lawn, Jeffrey L. Hellmer (1996). Jazz: Theory and Practice, p.97-98. {{ISBN|978-0-88284-722-1}}.
{{Cadences}}{{Chord progressions}}{{Consonance and dissonance}}{{Harmony}}{{Melody}}{{Tonality}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadence (Music)}}

3 : Cadences|Jazz terminology|Musical terminology
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 0:34:15