| 词条 | Columba Marmion |
| 释义 |
|name= Blessed Columba Marmion, OSB |birth_date= 1 April 1858 |death_date= 30 January 1923 |feast_day= 3 October |venerated_in= Belgium (Maredsous) |image= |imagesize= 220px |alt= |caption= |birth_place= Dublin, Ireland |death_place= Maredsous Abbey, Belgium |titles= |beatified_date= 3 September 2000 |beatified_place= |beatified_by= Pope John Paul II |canonized_date= |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes= |patronage= |major_shrine= |suppressed_date= |issues= }}Columba Marmion, OSB, born Joseph Aloysius Marmion (April 1, 1858 – January 30, 1923) was a Roman Catholic Benedictine Irish monk and the third Abbot of Maredsous Abbey in Belgium. Beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 3, 2000, Columba was one of the most popular[1] and influential[2] Catholic authors of the 20th Century. His books are considered spiritual classics.[3] Early Years (1858–1886)Columba was born in Queen Street, Dublin, Ireland on April 1, 1858, into a large and very religious family; three of his sisters became nuns. His father, William Marmion was from Clane, Co. Kildare. His mother, Herminie Cordier was French, prompting his biographer, Dom Raymond Thibaut to remark: "He owes to his Celtic origin his penetrating intelligence, his lively imagination, his sensibility, his exuberance and his youthful spirit. The French blood which ran in his veins contributes to his clearness of mind, his habit of clear perception, his ease of exposition, and his uprightness of character. From the combination of the two he derives his constant gaiety and his generosity of heart with all the strength, devotion, and fine feeling which this noble quality implies."[4] He was baptised with the name "Joseph Aloysius". From a very early age he was seemingly "consumed with some kind of inner fire or enthusiasm for the things of God."[5] He was educated at the Jesuit Belvedere College in Dublin. He entered the seminary at the age of 16.[6] At the time he entered the seminary, his "faith[7] was very strong";{{sfn|Thibaut, p. 16}} he perceived "something more than simple theoretical theses"{{sfn|Thibaut, p. 16}} in Catholic doctrine, in particular "that a man's love for God is measured by his love for his neighbor."{{sfn|Thibaut, p. 19}} One day during a vacation [at about the age of 17] he learnt that a poor old woman, well known to his family, was threatened with being summoned before the magistrates by an exacting creditor who claimed the payment of a somewhat large debt. The young seminarian possessed an equivalent amount saved up little by little for a trip he had promised himself. A struggle went on in his heart between his generosity and the legitimate desire to enjoy the fruit of his economies. This struggled lasted all night. In the morning charity had gained the day; with his father's consent he generously made over his savings in favor of the poor woman.{{sfn|Thibaut, p. 19}} A "very important moment in Dom Marmion's inner life"[8] occurred while he was still in seminary. It seems that one day when returning to the study hall he had all at once, to use his own words, "a light on God's Infinity." While this "light" only lasted for an instant, it was so clear and strong that it left an indelible impression on him, so that... "he referred to this not without emotion and thanksgiving during the last days of his life."[9] He completed his studies in Rome at the Pontifical Irish College and was ordained in 1881.[10] On his journey back to Ireland, he passed through Maredsous, Belgium – a young and dynamic monastery founded 9 years before (in 1872) by Benedictine monks from the Abbey of Beuron, Germany.[11] He wished very much to join the community there.[12] But his archbishop in Ireland refused his request to do so and appointed him as curate at Dundrum,[13] a parish in the south of Dublin. After a year, he was appointed Professor of Metaphysics at Holy Cross College at Clonliffe, the diocesan seminary for Dublin where Marmion himself had studied.[14] For the next four years (1882–1886) he embarked on the education and spiritual direction of others, including his appointment as chaplain to a nearby convent.[15] Parish priestMarmion's work as a parish priest "daily brought him into contact with a cross-section of humanity," and he was "called upon to advise, teach, console and give every kind of spiritual and material aid."{{sfn|Tierney, Biography, p. 25}} He "possessed an extraordinary facility for adapting himself to other people," and above all "in comforting others and putting them at their ease."{{sfn|Tierney, Biography, p. 25}} During this period he began to learn "the delicate art of spiritual direction in which he was later to excel."[16] His four years as professor at Clonliffe (1882–1886) "helped to complete his intellectual and spiritual formation. Thrown into the atmosphere of college life, he soon found himself in his native element."[17] Maredsous (1886–1899)Marmion joined the monastic community at Maredsous in 1886, having received his archbishop's approval.[18] At first, it was very hard for him, even "traumatic."[19] He was 27 years old, a respected priest and professor. In Maredsous he was a novice, and had as well to learn a language (French) and monastic disciplines that were foreign to him. After his Solemn Profession on February 10, 1891, Columba[20] (as he was now called) was appointed to act as assistant to the Novice Master – with whom he got on rather badly[21] – and in addition to preach at parishes in the vicinity of the Abbey. "There was an element of the dramatic in his initiation into pastoral work. A neighboring parish priest, whose preacher had unexpectedly failed him on the eve of a great feast, came to the Benedictines to ask their help in his difficulty. The superior was very sorry, but he had no one to offer him except a young Irish monk whose French was far from perfect. 'I will take him all the same,' said the parish priest, and he brought off Dom Columba. Three days later he brought him back to the Abbey saying: 'We have never had such a preacher before in my parish.' And soon the other parish priests were competing with each other for 'the Irish father.'"[22] Monastic formationDuring a season of "monastic calm" from 1891 to 1899,{{sfn|Earl of Wicklow, p. 19}} Marmion's spiritual life came "to full maturity"[23] as he attended to "the various duties of the monastic state, the life of silence and recollection, of constant fidelity to the liturgy."{{sfn|Earl of Wicklow, p. 19}} Of particular importance to him were developing a spirit of obedience,[24] compunction,[25] and humility,[26] as well as continued growth in the fundamental matters of faith,[27] hope,[28] and charity.[29] Above all, his spiritual life became more and more centered on Christ. 1887: After breakfast, while walking in the garden, I read the eighth chapter of The Imitation of Christ and I felt strongly impelled to take Jesus as my one friend. I realized that, in spite of my great weakness and unfaithfulness, Jesus desired to be my friend above all others. The text: "My delights are to be with the children of men" [Proverbs 8:31], gripped me and compelled me irresistibly to respond with all my heart to this desire of Jesus. In the course of this meditation I felt the near presence of Jesus and a great desire to do all things before His eyes.[30] 1895: We are infinitely rich in Jesus Christ and God's mercies are to our miseries what the ocean is to a drop of water. We never glorify God more than when despite the sight of our sins and unworthiness we are so filled with confidence in His mercy and in the infinite merits of Jesus Christ that we throw ourselves on His bosom full of confidence and love, sure that He cannot repel us: "a humble and contrite heart, Oh God, Thou wilt not despise."[31] 1896: Oh, my dear child, I would wish to engrave on your heart in letters of gold this truth, that no matter how great our misery, we are infinitely rich in Jesus Christ, if we unite with Him, if we lean on Him, if we realize constantly by a firm living faith that all the value of our prayer, and of all that we do comes from His merits in us.[32] Prior of Mont César, Louvain (1899–1909)In 1899, Dom Columba helped to found the Abbey of Mont César, Louvain, Belgium, and became its first Prior.[33] He was invested with heavy responsibilities: Director of Studies for the young monks; Professor of Theology; spiritual director of Carmelite nuns, all in addition to being Prior. He gave retreats in Belgium and the United Kingdom. He also became confessor to the future Cardinal Mercier.[34] Marmion the teacherMarmion's great gift for teaching came into full bloom during this period. His lectures were distinguished by, "on the one hand, his extreme clearness, and on the other his happy and fluent application of doctrine to the inner life."[35] Rather than presenting "revealed truths like mere theorems of geometry having no bearing on the interior life,"[36] Marmion sought to inspire his students to "live in and by the mysteries he set forth to them."[37] The fruitful years in Mont César enabled him to attain an unrivalled mastery of his subjects. Others may surpass him in the detailed documentation of their learning; but when Dom Columba discusses one of the major theses in which dogma approaches the highest mysteries of God... his teaching has a breadth which approaches the infinite. The vast repercussions of his thought, the fruit of long contemplation, throw light on a whole world of secondary conclusions. His trenchant summaries unite with an unusual power of synthesis in one beam of light the diverse aspects of a problem hidden at the first approach in its complexity. The central point stands out in brilliant relief and the whole assembly of connected truths is illuminated by the light of a governing principle which is the key to the whole problem. As a master of synthesis he is unrivalled.[38] Abbot of Maredsous (1909–1923)In 1893, Dom Hildebrand de Hemptinne, Second Abbot of Maredsous, was appointed by Pope Leo XIII as the first Abbot Primate of the Benedictine Order.[39] At the request of the Pope, Dom Hildebrand continued as Abbot of Maredsous, but relinquished that office in 1909.[40] In that year, at the age of 51, "at the height of his powers, both physical and intellectual,"[41] Dom Marmion was elected Third Abbot of Maredsous. A community consisting of a hundred monks,[42] it ran two schools[43] and was a publisher, in particular of La Revue bénédictine.[44] Marmion adopted as his motto Magis prodesse quam praesse, "To serve rather than be served," a maxim taken from the Rule of St. Benedict.[45] The monastery had great spiritual and intellectual influence under his leadership. Vocations abounded. But Dom Marmion was not indifferent to temporal matters. Thus he had the Abbey equipped with electricity and central heating, facilities rarely to be found in monasteries at that time.[46] "Gathering up all he had learnt during his priesthood of nearly thirty years and concentrating in his mind the treasures of theological science accumulated during as many years of study and teaching, a consummate master in dogmatics and asceticism, an experienced spiritual director, and a contemplative who constantly searched into the mysteries of God, Dom Marmion was now about to give the matured fruits of these years and to be above all among his own monks, the exponent of the Christian and monastic life in its fullness."[47] Maredsous and other communitiesIn 1909, the government of Belgium asked Maredsous to consider founding a Benedictine monastery in Katanga, in the Belgian Congo.[48] Doubtless Dom Marmion's missionary spirit would not have hesitated; but the Community preferred to devote itself to research and to promotion of sources of the faith, rather than to launch out into direct evangelization. However, Marmion lent effective aid to this mission, which was taken on by the Abbey of Saint André at Bruges.[49] A few years later, Marmion gave help and support to the conversion to Catholicism of Anglican communities in Wales (Caldey and Milford Haven).[50] First World War (1914–1918)When war broke out in 1914 Dom Marmion, fearing that his young novices might be called up, sent them to Ireland.[51] This involved Marmion traveling, disguised as a cattle dealer, through the war zone from Belgium to England, "without passport or papers of any kind."[52] During the war years Marmion continued his activities as preacher and spiritual director. In 1915 he wrote to a young man preparing for ordination: "The best of all preparations for the priesthood is to live each day with love, wherever obedience and Providence place us."[53] However, the Irish house, established at Edermine, did not give him entire satisfaction; the attitude of the young novices grieved him: "I have tried to win them by constancy and prayer, but so far without success. They are good, but full of confidence in themselves... They oppose the letter of Canon Law to the spirit of the Holy Rule."[54] The Edermine house was closed in 1920.[55] The episode of the Dormition MonasteryAfter the war, the need to provide replacements for the German monks of the Beuronese congregation who had been expelled from the Benedictine Monastery of the Dormition, on Mount Zion in Jerusalem, made Marmion dream of there being a foundation from Maredsous in the Holy Land. Despite his efforts and the support they gained, this dream was not realized and the German monks returned to the Dormition.[56] His writingsIn 1895, Marmion gave a retreat for a small group of nuns. The notes for those talks contained in kernel an idea he would develop during the next 20 years – meditating upon it in prayer, and refining and polishing it in the many talks he gave as a popular retreat master.[57] In its finished form it became Christ, the Life of the Soul (1917) – a book that was first published privately, but then rapidly, unexpectedly, became an "overwhelming success"{{sfn|Capelle, p. 10}} in the Catholic world. At the time of its publication, much Catholic literature was a mere "rehash... of pious thoughts,"{{sfn|O'Herlihy, p. 107}} marked by a "sentimental emphasis," and a tendency towards a sterile "refinement of interior analysis."{{sfn|More About Dom Marmion, p. 28}} "Little attention was paid to the Bible, the Fathers and the great masters of the spiritual life."{{sfn|More About Dom Marmion, p. 28}} In this atmosphere, Marmion's work seemed like "something new,"{{sfn|More About Dom Marmion, p. 28}} even "revolutionary."{{sfn|O'Herlihy, p. 107}} "It was as if the desert had received its long-awaited rain."{{sfn|Capelle, p. 10}} His books "initiated a profound spiritual revival the influence of which... permeated the whole Catholic world."[58] Yet there was essentially "nothing new" in Marmion's work.{{sfn|Tierney, Josephinum, p. 144}} Rather, his "revolution" was effected by "a return to what was fundamental,"[59] specifically his restoration of "Christ as the center of all... spiritual thinking."{{sfn|Tierney, Josephinum, p. 144}} A second major theme of his work is the doctrine of divine adoption in Christ.[60] Again, this idea[61] was not original with Marmion; it is clearly set forth in the New Testament, particularly in the writings of St. Paul.[62] But although the doctrine had been addressed by many spiritual writers before him, "it would be difficult to find another who had given the mystery such preeminence, making it, as he does, the beginning and the end of the spiritual life. And with Dom Marmion it is not so much a theory or a system, as a living truth that acts directly on the soul."[63] Some believe the Catholic Church will one day formally declare Marmion the Doctor of Divine Adoption.[64] Sources for Marmion's thought include, preeminently, the Bible (especially St. Paul and St. John), the Church Fathers, St. Thomas Aquinas, and the Liturgy (i.e., the Mass, the Divine Office, the sacraments),[65] as well as St. Francis de Sales (1567–1622) and Msgr. Charles Gay (1815–1880).[66] As a 20th-century writer, Marmion is notable, perhaps unique, in the several formal and informal endorsements his works have received from the popes of the 20th century, including Benedict XV (1914–1922),[67] Pius XI (1922–1939),[68] Pius XII (1939–1958),[69] Paul VI (1963–1978),{{sfn|Toups, p. 160, note 4}} and John Paul II (1978–2005).{{sfn|Toups, p. 160, note 4}} His last yearsWith Cardinal Mercier, his friend and confidant, Marmion was a spiritually dominant figure on the Belgian and international scene. The publication of his books had met with "immediate and overwhelming success,"{{sfn|Capelle, p. 10}} and they were rapidly being translated into a number of languages, including Korean and Japanese.[70] His influence was at its height, despite his fatigue and a precarious state of health. In September 1922, he took the place of the Bishop of Namur as leader of the diocesan pilgrimage to Lourdes.[71] In October of the same year, he presided at the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of Maredsous Abbey (which he had governed as abbot for 14 years).[72] Marmion was struck during a flu epidemic, and succumbed to bronchial pneumonia on January 30, 1923.[73] BeatificationRapidly, favors and miracles were attributed to him; justifying the transfer, in 1963, of his body from the monks' cemetery to the abbatial church (his body was found to be incorrupt, after more than 40 years).[74] A cure from cancer obtained after a woman from St. Cloud, Minnesota, visited his tomb in 1966 was investigated by the Church and recognized as miraculous in 2000,[75] leading to his beatification in that year. Dom Columba Marmion was beatified on September 3, 2000 by Pope John Paul II, on the same occasion as:
At the Beatification ceremony Pope John Paul II declared: He bequeathed to us an authentic treasury of spiritual teaching for the Church of our time. In his writings he teaches a way of holiness, simple and yet demanding, for all the faithful, whom God, through love, has destined to be his adopted children in Christ Jesus... May a wide rediscovery of the spiritual writings of Blessed Columba Marmion help priests, religious and laity to grow in union with Christ and bear faithful witness to Him through ardent love of God and generous service to their brothers and sisters. May Blessed Columba Marmion help us to live ever more intensely, to understand ever more deeply, our membership in the Church, the Mystical Body of Christ![76] Following the Beatification, Dom Marmion's Cause for Canonization has been opened and is very active. Recently (2009) the Archdiocese of Vancouver, Canada, began a canonical investigation into the cure of a man ravaged by a necrotizing fasciitis. He had been expected to die within hours.[77] Principal WorksThanks to Dom Raymond Thibaut, his secretary, the central teachings of Columba, delivered orally in French,[78] were memorialized in writing as follows:
These were translated into English, respectively, as follows:
Posthumous Works Published in English
English Translations in Print
Footnotes1. ^Toups, pp. 159-160, notes 2 & 3 (noting that Marmion's works have been translated into at least 11 languages, and that some 1.5 million copies of his books were in distribution as of 1951). 2. ^Toups, p. 160, note 4 (discussing the "direct influence" of Marmion on several Popes of the 20th Century and on the Fathers of the Vatican II). See also Philipon, p. 11: "His work initiated a profound spiritual revival the influence of which has permeated the whole Catholic world"; and Capelle, p. 20: "It is certain that his teaching, so necessary and so powerful, has left a permanent mark on the Christianity of our times". 3. ^See, e.g., Philipon, p. 21: "The works of Dom Marmion may be reckoned henceforth among the spiritual classics"; Capelle, p. 10: "Dom Marmion's works have become a spiritual classic"; and Tierney, Biography, p. 7: "his books have become spiritual classics". 4. ^Philipon, p. 26, quoting Thibaut. 5. ^Tierney, Josephinum, p. 143. 6. ^Thibaut, p. 15. 7. ^Catholic "faith" is an "act of the intellect assenting to a Divine truth owing to the movement of the will, which is itself moved by the grace of God." St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II-II, Q. 4, A. 2. See generally "Faith" in the Catholic Encyclopedia. See also Faith in Christianity. 8. ^Thibaut, p. 20. 9. ^Earl of Wicklow, p. 14 (quoting Thibaut, p. 20). 10. ^See Thibaut, p. 21. 11. ^Thibaut, p. 29, note 2. 12. ^"At the moment of crossing the threshold of the cloister he heard, as it were, an inward voice say to him: It is here that I want you." Thibaut, p. 30. 13. ^The bishop "was not opposed to Marmion entering religion, but thought it would be more prudent for Marmion to spend a year or so as a secular priest in Dublin before making any final decision." Tierney, Biography, p. 22. 14. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 27. 15. ^Thibaut, pp. 31 ff. "[W]e can say without injury to his memory that he had little aptitude for business... The story is often told – he used to tell it himself with great merriment – about his unfortunate speculation when chaplain to a certain religious community in Ireland. He wanted to oblige them by buying a horse and trap, and thought he had made a splendid bargain; but the horse proved to be a decrepit old hack, and the trap fell to pieces in no time." Lebbe, Dom Bede, "Reminiscences of Abbot Marmion" in Abbot Marmion: An Irish Tribute, edited by the Monks of Glenstal (Westminster: The Newman Press, 1948), p. 4. 16. ^Thibaut, p. 34. 17. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 27. 18. ^See Tierney, Biography, pp. 29-30. 19. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 31. 20. ^He took the name Columba after the famous Irish saint. See McDonagh, Thomas, "Abbot Marmion and Glenstal," in Abbot Marmion: An Irish Tribute, edited by the Monks of Glenstal (Westminster: The Newman Press, 1948), p. 134. 21. ^"One day... the Father Master asked me what caused me most difficulty and made me suffer most. Thinking it the most perfect to be perfectly sincere, I answered, 'You, Reverend Father.'" Thibaut, p. 49. 22. ^Philipon, p. 44. 23. ^Thibaut, p. 68. 24. ^In a letter written circa 1888, Marmion observed: "I got light to understand that obedience is everything for a Benedictine." Thibaut, p. 72. That same year he noted: "All the evils which have afflicted humanity, destroyed God's work, and filled hell, come from one act of disobedience. All the graces obtained for us by Jesus Christ are due to His obedience." Thibaut, p. 73. Commenting on this, Thibaut adds: "This is the thought of St. Paul: 'For all by the disobedience of one man (Adam) were made sinners; so also by the obedience of one (Jesus Christ) many shall be made just.' Romans 5:19." 25. ^"To-day I had some very useful lights touching compunction.... The angels standing before the throne of God veil their faces and, filled with wonder and admiration at the sight of God's infinite holiness, cry aloud without ceasing 'Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord.' For us sinners here below, our faith should produce the same effect, but differently. Gazing in spirit on this infinite sanctity, we should cry from the bottom of our hearts, 'Mercy, mercy, mercy!' This is our Sanctus, and the Church adopts this in her daily cry, Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison, Kyrie eleison... As their cry is eternal, so should my cry for mercy never cease in this life." Thibaut, p. 70. 26. ^"I received lately a light on this subject [humility] which I find very useful, viz. God is at this moment gazing at me. He sees down into the depths of my misery. He knows all things, even futura conditionata [i.e., possible future events]. He knows perfectly into what crimes I would fall were He to deprive me of His grace. This is true at every moment, even when I feel burning with the desire of pleasing God. I am so changeable! I find that this thought humbles me, and makes me see how good God is to bear with me, and this it is solely in the merits of Jesus Christ that I must hope." Thibaut, pp. 74-75. 27. ^"I had been ill for several months; besides some physical suffering, e.g. sleeplessness, etc., I was greatly troubled in mind, and seemed at times quite abandoned by God. On the feast of St. Scholastica, anniversary of my profession, the clouds passed away, and I understood that my trials and temptations had done much good to my soul, and especially I learned what it is to serve God through pure faith, and that those who have not passed through such trials cannot know what it is to believe and hope in God through faith alone. During meditation the words: It is the spirit that quickeneth: the flesh profiteth nothing [John 6:64], made me see clearly that the acts which proceed from a motive of faith are alone supernaturally pleasing to God, and that sensible devotion (caro), although it may aid us to produce these acts more easily, is of itself useless." Thibaut, p. 97. 28. ^"Of hope. I give up all things in this world, and protest solemnly that Dominus pars haereditatis meae ["O Lord, the portion of my inheritance"; prayer said before putting on priestly vestments]. ...I expect blindly all things from God." Thibaut, p. 80. 29. ^"Resolution. To venerate habitually Jesus Christ in the person of my brethren... often thinking that what I think of or do to them is done to Jesus Christ." Thibaut, p. 78. 30. ^Philipon, p. 36 (quoting from Marmion's private notes). 31. ^Thibaut, p. 103. 32. ^Thibaut, p. 105. 33. ^Thibaut, pp. 114 ff. 34. ^Thibaut, pp. 274 ff. 35. ^Thibaut, p. 125. 36. ^Thibaut, p. 127. 37. ^Thibaut, p. 126. 38. ^Philipon, p. 49. 39. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 53. 40. ^Tierney, Biography, pp. 54 ff. 41. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 131. 42. ^Tierney, Biography, pp. 56, 131. 43. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 64. 44. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 138. 45. ^Thibaut, p. 173. 46. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 134. 47. ^Thibaut, p. 174. 48. ^Tierney, Biography, pp. 60 ff. 49. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 118. 50. ^Tierney, Biography, pp. 70 ff. Marmion "played an important part in the celebrated conversion of the monks of Caldey, which constituted a unique event in the history of the Church. It was Dom Marmion who preached the retreat before their abjuration and reception into the Catholic Church." Philipon, pp. 80-81. 51. ^Tierney, Biography, pp. 79-81. 52. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 80. When the custom-house officers discovered he had no passport, Marmion was refused entry into England. "I am Irish," he told them, "and the Irish never have a passport... except for hell, and... it isn't there I am wanting to go." Thibaut reports, "This sally provoked a burst of laughter, and he was allowed to pass." Thibaut, p. 184. 53. ^Union with God: Letters of Spiritual Direction by Blessed Columba Marmion (Bethesda, Md.: Zaccheus Press, 2006), p. 117 (quoting letter of December 27, 1915). 54. ^Tierney, Biography, p. 87. 55. ^See Tierney, Biography, pp. 92 ff. 56. ^Tierney, Biography, pp. 98 ff. 57. ^Thibaut, p. 107. 58. ^Philipon, p. 11. 59. ^Philipon, p. 12. 60. ^See, e.g., Rigali, p. 134. 61. ^Marmion summarizes the doctrine of divine adoption as follows: "Just as the whole of Christ Jesus can be summed up by His Divine Sonship, so the whole of a Christian can be summed up by participation in this Sonship, through Jesus Christ, in Jesus Christ." Christ, the Life of the Soul, trans. Alan Bancroft (Bethesda, Md.: 2005), p. 28. 62. ^See, e.g., Ephesians 1:3-6: "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in Christ with every spiritual blessing in the heavens, as He chose us in Him, before the foundation of the world, to be holy and without blemish before Him. In love He destined us for adoption to Himself through Jesus Christ, in accord with the favor of His will, for the praise of the glory of His grace that He granted us in the beloved." 63. ^Capelle, p. 19. 64. ^See, e.g., the remark of Cardinal Justin F. Rigali: "I am convinced that he merits the title, which, as a matter of fact, has actually been used for a number of years.... This was l'idée maîtresse of his teaching, beautifully and consistently presented throughout all his works, and this is why he is respectfully presented to the determining judgment of the Church as the Doctor of Divine Adoption." Rigali, pp. 132, 135. See also the comment of Dom Mark Tierney, O.S.B., Vice-Postulator of Marmion's Cause for Beatification: "[A]fter Marmion’s beatification on September 3, 2000... I was approached by the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints, and invited to work on the process for his Canonization. It was also indicated to me that they hoped one day to declare Marmion a Doctor of the Church — The Doctor of Divine Adoption." Christ, the Life of the Soul, Appendix (Bethesda, Md.: Zaccheus Press, 2005), p. 518. 65. ^In Catholicism, Liturgy includes "the whole complex of official services, all the rites, ceremonies, prayers, and sacraments of the Church," as distinguished from private devotions, such as the Rosary. {{CathEncy|wstitle=Liturgy}} 66. ^See Tierney, Biography, pp. 146-148. 67. ^In a private audience with Marmion at the Vatican, Pope Benedict referred to Christ, the Life of the Soul, commenting, "It is a great help to me in my spiritual life." At another time he recommended Marmion's work to a visiting archbishop: "Read this–it is the pure doctrine of the Church." Thibaut, p. 353. 68. ^See Thibaut, p. 353, note 1. 69. ^Pope Pius XII stated that the works of Marmion were "outstanding in the accuracy of their doctrine, the clarity of their style, and the depth and richness of their thought." Toups, p. 160, note 4. 70. ^See Tierney, Biography, p. 7. 71. ^See Tierney, Biography, pp. 125-126. 72. ^See Tierney, Biography, pp. 126 ff. 73. ^See Tierney, Biography, pp. 129-130. 74. ^See Morphew, Clark D., "Pope declares that healing of a Minnesota woman is a miracle," {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714114746/http://morpheweb.com/clarkmorphew/canonization.html |date=2011-07-14 }} St. Paul Pioneer Press/Knight Ridder-Tribune News Service, April 1, 2000 ("When they opened the coffin, the body was not corrupt"). Retrieved October 24, 2009. See also Tierney, Mark, O.S.B. "From Beatification to Canonisation: The Present State of the Cause of Blessed Columba Marmion," Don Marmion Seminar, Dublin, October 11, 2003 ("His body... was found to be incorrupt"). Retrieved October 24, 2009. 75. ^See Zehnder, Christopher, "Blessed Columba Marmion: A Deadly Serious Spiritual Writer," The Wanderer, January 19, 2006; reprinted on Ignatius Insight website. Retrieved October 24, 2009. 76. ^Pope John Paul II, "Homily upon the Beatification of Pius IX, John XXIII, Tommaso Reggio, William Chaminade and Columba Marmion," {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026235324/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html |date=October 26, 2006 }} September 3, 2000. Retrieved October 24, 2009 (Vatican translation; translation in text accompanying this note by Alan Bancroft). 77. ^See Bellett, Gerry, [https://vancouversun.com/life/Healed+monk+divine+intervention/1781436/story.html "Healed by monk's divine intervention?,"] Vancouver Sun, July 11, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009. 78. ^See Thibaut, p. 376. 79. ^Tyburn Convent is an enclosed order of contemplative Benedictine nuns in London. The convent is founded at the location of the historical Tyburn due to the association of the gallows with Catholic martyrdom in the 16th century. See Tyburn Convent website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405215412/http://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/index2.html |date=2010-04-05 }} for additional information. References
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