| 词条 | Caen | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Caen | commune status = Prefecture and commune | image = Caen France (28).JPG | caption = July 2010 view of centre of Caen and the Abbey of St. Étienne | image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Caen (Calvados)2.svg | arrondissement = Caen | canton = Caen-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 | INSEE = 14118 | postal code = 14000 | demonym = Caennais | mayor = Joël Bruneau | party = LR | term = 2014-2020 | intercommunality = Caen la Mer | coordinates = {{coord|49.18|-0.37|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | elevation m = 8 | elevation min m = 2 | elevation max m = 73 | area km2 = 25.70 | population = 106,260 | population date = 2015 | website = www.caen.fr }} Caen ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː|n}}; {{IPA-fr|kɑ̃}}; Norman: Kaem), ({{Audio|Fr.Caen.ogg|Caen}} in French) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department. The city proper has 108,365 inhabitants ({{As of|2012|lc=y}}), while its urban area has 420,000, making Caen the largest city in former Lower Normandy. It is also the third largest municipality in all of Normandy after Le Havre and Rouen and the third largest city proper in Normandy, after Rouen and Le Havre.[1][2] The metropolitan area of Caen, in turn, is the second largest in Normandy after that of Rouen, the 21st largest in France. It is located {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=off}} inland from the English Channel, 200 kilometres north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route. Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, and it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power. Located a few miles from the coast, the landing beaches, the bustling resorts of Deauville and Cabourg, Norman Switzerland and Pays d'Auge, Caen is often considered the archetype of Normandy. Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city. The city has now preserved the memory by erecting a memorial and a museum dedicated to peace, the Mémorial de Caen. SymbolsHeraldryCurrent arms: Gules, a single-towered open castle Or, windowed and masoned sable. Under the Ancien Régime: Per fess, gules and azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or. During the First French Empire: Gules, a single-towered castle Or, a chief of Good Imperial Cities (gules, 3 bees Or). MottoToday, Caen has no motto, but it used to have one, which did not survive the French Revolution. As a result, its spelling is archaic and has not been updated:[4] Un Dieu, un Roy, une Foy, une Loy. (One God, one King, one Faith, one Law.) This motto is reflected in a notable old Chant royal.[5] CodeCaen's home port code is CN. History{{see also|Timeline of Caen}}Early history{{See also|History of Normandy}}Hundred Years' War{{Main article|Battle of Caen (1346)}}In 1346, King Edward III of England led his army against the city, hoping to loot it. It was expected that a siege of perhaps several weeks would be required, but the army took the city in less than a day, on 26 July 1346, storming and sacking it, killing 3,000 of its citizens, and burning much of the merchants' quarter on the Ile Ste-Jean. During the attack, English officials searched its archives and found a copy of the 1339 Franco-Norman plot to invade England, devised by Philip VI of France and Normandy. This was subsequently used as propaganda to justify the supplying and financing of the conflict and its continuation. Only the castle of Caen held out, despite attempts to besiege it. A few days later, the English left, marching to the east and on to their victory at the Battle of Crécy. It was later captured by Henry V in 1417 and treated harshly for being the first town to put up any resistance to his invasion. Second World War{{Main article|Battle for Caen}}During the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War, Caen was liberated from the Nazis in early July, a month after the Normandy landings, particularly those by British I Corps on 6 June 1944. British and Canadian troops had intended to capture the town on D-Day. However they were held up north of the city until 9 July, when an intense bombing campaign during Operation Charnwood destroyed 70% of the city and killed 2,000 French civilians.[6] The Allies seized the western quarters, a month later than Field Marshal Montgomery's original plan. During the battle, many of the town's inhabitants sought refuge in the Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey"), built by William the Conqueror some 800 years before. Both the cathedral and the university were entirely destroyed by the British and Canadian bombing. Post-warPost-Second World War work included the reconstruction of complete districts of the city and the university campus. It took 14 years (1948–1962) and led to the current urbanization of Caen. Having lost many of its historic quarters and its university campus in the war, the city does not have the atmosphere of a traditional Normandy town such as Honfleur, Rouen, Cabourg, Deauville and Bayeux. The Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit filmed the D-Day offensive and Orne breakout several weeks later, then returned several months later to document the city's recovery efforts. The resulting film, You Can't Kill a City, is preserved in the National Archives of Canada. ImagesEtymologyThe very first mentions of the name of Caen are found in different acts of the dukes of Normandy: Cadon 1021/1025,[7] Cadumus 1025,[8] Cathim 1026/1027.[9] Year 1070 of the Parker manuscript[10] of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to Caen as Kadum,[11] and year 1086 of the Laud manuscript[12] gives the name as Caþum.[13] Despite a lack of sources as to the origin of the settlements, the name Caen would seem to be of Gaulish origin, from the words catu-, referring to military activities and magos, field, hence meaning "manoeuvre field" or "battlefield".[14] In Layamon's Brut, the poet asserts that King Arthur named the city in memory of Sir Kay.[15] GeographyCaen is in an area of high humidity. The Orne River flows through the city, as well as small rivers known as les Odons, most of which have been buried under the city to improve urban hygiene. Caen has a large flood zone, named "La prairie", located around the hippodrome, not far from the River Orne, which is regularly submerged[16],[17]. Caen is {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the Channel. A canal (Canal de Caen à la Mer) parallel to the Orne was built during the reign of Napoleon III to link the city to the sea at all times. The canal reaches the English Channel at Ouistreham. A lock keeps the tide out of the canal and lets large ships navigate up the canal to Caen's freshwater harbours. ClimateCaen has an oceanic climate that is somewhat ameliorated due to its slightly inland position. In spite of this, summers are still cool by French standards and the climate is typically maritime in terms of high precipitation, relatively modest sunshine hours and mild winters. {{Weather box|location = Carpiquet (near Caen–Carpiquet Airport), elevation: 67 m, 1981–2010 normals |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 16.1 |Feb record high C = 20.8 |Mar record high C = 24.4 |Apr record high C = 26.4 |May record high C = 30.4 |Jun record high C = 34.1 |Jul record high C = 36.6 |Aug record high C = 38.9 |Sep record high C = 33.5 |Oct record high C = 28.9 |Nov record high C = 21.6 |Dec record high C = 17.2 |year record high C = 38.9 |Jan high C = 8.0 |Feb high C = 8.6 |Mar high C = 11.5 |Apr high C = 13.6 |May high C = 17.1 |Jun high C = 20.1 |Jul high C = 22.6 |Aug high C = 22.8 |Sep high C = 20.1 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.5 |Dec high C = 8.3 |year high C = 15.1 |Jan low C = 2.6 |Feb low C = 2.4 |Mar low C = 4.2 |Apr low C = 5.3 |May low C = 8.5 |Jun low C = 11.0 |Jul low C = 13.1 |Aug low C = 13.2 |Sep low C = 11.1 |Oct low C = 8.7 |Nov low C = 5.3 |Dec low C = 3.0 |year low C = 7.4 |Jan record low C = -19.6 |Feb record low C = -16.5 |Mar record low C = -7.4 |Apr record low C = -5.7 |May record low C = -0.8 |Jun record low C = 1.0 |Jul record low C = 4.7 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 1.8 |Oct record low C = -3.7 |Nov record low C = -6.8 |Dec record low C = -11.0 |year record low C = -19.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 66.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 52.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 55.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 50.4 |May precipitation mm = 62.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 57.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 52.6 |Aug precipitation mm = 51.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 60.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 77.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 74.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 78.1 |year precipitation mm = 739.9 |Jan precipitation days = 12.0 |Feb precipitation days = 10.7 |Mar precipitation days = 10.8 |Apr precipitation days = 10.3 |May precipitation days = 10.2 |Jun precipitation days = 8.2 |Jul precipitation days = 8.0 |Aug precipitation days = 7.6 |Sep precipitation days = 9.5 |Oct precipitation days = 12.1 |Nov precipitation days = 12.7 |Dec precipitation days = 13.6 |year precipitation days = 125.7 |Jan snow days = 3.4 |Feb snow days = 3.8 |Mar snow days = 2.3 |Apr snow days = 0.9 |May snow days = 0.1 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.9 |Dec snow days = 2.2 |year snow days = 13.6 |Jan humidity = 86 |Feb humidity = 84 |Mar humidity = 82 |Apr humidity = 80 |May humidity = 81 |Jun humidity = 82 |Jul humidity = 81 |Aug humidity = 81 |Sep humidity = 83 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 86 |Dec humidity = 87 |year humidity = 83.3 |Jan sun = 69.6 |Feb sun = 84.3 |Mar sun = 125.6 |Apr sun = 167.3 |May sun = 193.7 |Jun sun = 213.5 |Jul sun = 207.1 |Aug sun = 204.4 |Sep sun = 167.2 |Oct sun = 117.8 |Nov sun = 79.4 |Dec sun = 61.4 |year sun = 1691.2 |source 1 = Météo France[18][19] |source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[20] }}{{Weather box | width = 100% | collapsed = y | open = | metric first = y | single line = y | location = Carpiquet (near Caen–Carpiquet Airport), elevation: 67 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes | Jan mean C =5.1 | Feb mean C =5.1 | Mar mean C =6.7 | Apr mean C =8.8 | May mean C =12.0 | Jun mean C =14.7 | Jul mean C =16.8 | Aug mean C =17.2 | Sep mean C =15.2 | Oct mean C =11.9 | Nov mean C =7.7 | Dec mean C =5.6 | Jan high C =7.9 | Feb high C =8.0 | Mar high C =10.4 | Apr high C =12.6 | May high C =15.9 | Jun high C =19.1 | Jul high C =21.2 | Aug high C =21.7 | Sep high C =19.9 | Oct high C =16.0 | Nov high C =10.9 | Dec high C =8.2 | Jan record high C =15.8 | Feb record high C =19.4 | Mar record high C =22.4 | Apr record high C =26.4 | May record high C =29.8 | Jun record high C =32.6 | Jul record high C =33.9 | Aug record high C =35.8 | Sep record high C =33.5 | Oct record high C =27.6 | Nov record high C =19.9 | Dec record high C =17.2 | Jan avg record high C =10.6 | Feb avg record high C =12.8 | Mar avg record high C =13.8 | Apr avg record high C =16.1 | May avg record high C =19.2 | Jun avg record high C =23.7 | Jul avg record high C =25.2 | Aug avg record high C =25.2 | Sep avg record high C =22.8 | Oct avg record high C =19.2 | Nov avg record high C =13.3 | Dec avg record high C =10.7 | Jan low C =2.3 | Feb low C =1.9 | Mar low C =3.2 | Apr low C =4.9 | May low C =7.6 | Jun low C =10.4 | Jul low C =12.2 | Aug low C =12.2 | Sep low C =10.7 | Oct low C =8.0 | Nov low C =4.6 | Dec low C =2.9 | Jan record low C =-19.6 | Feb record low C =-13.6 | Mar record low C =-7.4 | Apr record low C =-5.7 | May record low C =-0.7 | Jun record low C =1.0 | Jul record low C =4.7 | Aug record low C =4.0 | Sep record low C =1.9 | Oct record low C =-2.0 | Nov record low C =-6.8 | Dec record low C =-9.3 | Jan avg record low C =-4.8 | Feb avg record low C =-3.4 | Mar avg record low C =0.3 | Apr avg record low C =3.4 | May avg record low C =6.2 | Jun avg record low C =8.1 | Jul avg record low C =11.0 | Aug avg record low C =10.8 | Sep avg record low C =8.5 | Oct avg record low C =5.7 | Nov avg record low C =2.5 | Dec avg record low C =-1.2 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm =53.2 | Feb precipitation mm =54.8 | Mar precipitation mm =53.6 | Apr precipitation mm =46.0 | May precipitation mm =58.4 | Jun precipitation mm =46.5 | Jul precipitation mm =36.7 | Aug precipitation mm =41.5 | Sep precipitation mm =58.6 | Oct precipitation mm =55.5 | Nov precipitation mm =84.5 | Dec precipitation mm =55.7 | Jan percentsun =27.0 | Feb percentsun =31.0 | Mar percentsun =38.0 | Apr percentsun =42.0 | May percentsun =44.0 | Jun percentsun =44.0 | Jul percentsun =47.0 | Aug percentsun =48.0 | Sep percentsun =45.0 | Oct percentsun =39.0 | Nov percentsun =31.0 | Dec percentsun =26.0 | Jan sun =70.2 | Feb sun =88.0 | Mar sun =137.7 | Apr sun =170.4 | May sun =204.6 | Jun sun =211.0 | Jul sun =226.7 | Aug sun =209.5 | Sep sun =168.9 | Oct sun =127.6 | Nov sun =84.2 | Dec sun =64.8 | Jan snow days =2.5 | Feb snow days =2.5 | Mar snow days =1.5 | Apr snow days =0 | May snow days =0 | Jun snow days =0 | Jul snow days =0 | Aug snow days =0 | Sep snow days =0 | Oct snow days =0 | Nov snow days =0 | Dec snow days =1.5 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days =11.0 | Feb precipitation days =11.0 | Mar precipitation days =11.0 | Apr precipitation days =10.0 | May precipitation days =9.5 | Jun precipitation days =8.0 | Jul precipitation days =7.0 | Aug precipitation days =7.5 | Sep precipitation days =8.5 | Oct precipitation days =10.0 | Nov precipitation days =14.0 | Dec precipitation days =11.5 | source = NOAA[21] }} Main sightsCastleThe castle, Château de Caen, built circa 1060 by William the Conqueror, who successfully conquered England in 1066, is one of the largest medieval fortresses of Western Europe. It remained an essential feature of Norman strategy and policy. At Christmas 1182, a royal court celebration for Christmas in the aula of Caen Castle brought together Henry II and his sons, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland, receiving more than a thousand knights. Caen Castle, along with all of Normandy, was handed over to the French Crown in 1204. The castle saw several engagements during the Hundred Years' War (1346, 1417, 1450) and was in use as a barracks as late as the Second World War. Bullet holes are visible on the walls of the castle where members of the French Resistance were shot during the Second World War. Today, the castle serves as a museum that houses the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen (Museum of Fine Arts of Caen) and Musée de Normandie (Museum of Normandy) along with many periodical exhibitions about arts and history. (See {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213224638/http://www.ville-caen.fr/mdn/RedecouvChateau/chronoGB.htm |date=13 February 2006 |title=Timeline of Caen Castle }}) AbbeysIn repentance for marrying his cousin Mathilda of Flanders, William ordered two abbeys to be built on the Pope's encouragement:
Others
AdministrationMayors of Caen have included:
In 1952, the small commune of Venoix became part of Caen. In 1990, the agglomeration of Caen was organized into a district, transformed in 2002 into a Communauté d'agglomération (Grand Caen (Greater Caen), renamed Caen la Mer in 2004), gathers 29 towns and villages, including Villons-les-Buissons, Lion-sur-Mer, Hermanville-sur-Mer, which joined the Communauté d'agglomération in 2004. The population of the "communauté d'agglomération" is around 220000 inhabitants. In the former administrative organisation, Caen was a part of 9 cantons, of which it was the chief town. These cantons contained a total of 13 towns. Caen gave its name to a 10th canton, of which it was not part. Since the 2015 canton reorganization, Caen is part of the cantons of Caen-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.[25] TransportCaen has a recently built, controversial guided bus system—built by Bombardier Transportation and modelled on its Guided Light Transit technology. Faced with the residents' anger against the project, the municipality had to pursue the project with only 23% of the population in favour{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} of the new form of transport. The road layout of the city centre was deeply{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} transformed and the formerly traffic-jam-free centre's problems are still unresolved{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}. The system was abandoned by the end of 2017 and replaced by a tram.[26] Caen also has a very efficient{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} network of city buses, operated under the name Twisto. The city is connected to the rest of the Calvados département by the Bus Verts du Calvados bus network. Caen - Carpiquet Airport is the biggest airport in Lower-Normandy considering the number of passengers that it serves every year. Most flights are operated by HOP! and Chalair Aviation and the French national airline Air France operates three daily flights to the French city of Lyon. Flybe also operate year-round services to London-Southend. In the summer there are many charter flights to Spain, Germany, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria. Caen is served by the small port of Ouistreham, lying at the mouth of the Caen Canal where it meets the English Channel. A ferry service operates between Portsmouth, England, and Caen/Ouistreham running both standard roll-on-roll-off car ferries and supercat fast ferries, with the latter making crossing from March to November. The ferry terminal is {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Caen with a daytime shuttle bus service for foot passengers. There's also a cyclist road from Caen to Ouistreham.[27] Caen is connected to the rest of France by motorways to Paris (A13), Brittany (A84) and soon to Le Mans (A88–A28). The A13 is a toll road while the A84 is a toll-free motorway. The city is encircled by the N814 ring-road that was completed in the late 1990s. The N13 connects Caen to Cherbourg and to Paris. A section of the former N13 (Caen-Paris) is now D613 (in Calvados) following road renumbering. The N814 ring-road includes an impressive viaduct called the Viaduc de Calix that goes over the canal and River Orne. The canal links the city to the sea to permit cargo ships and ferries to dock in the port of Caen. Ferries which have docked include the Quiberon and the Duc de Normandie. Although a fraction of what it used to be remains, Caen once boasted an extensive rail and tram network. From 1895 until 1936, the Compagnie des Tramways Electriques de Caen (Electrical Tramway Company of Caen) operated all around the city. Caen also had several main and branch railway lines linking Caen railway station to all parts of Normandy with lines to Paris, Vire, Flers, Cabourg, Houlgate, Deauville, Saint-Lô, Bayeux and Cherbourg. Now only the electrified line of Paris-Cherbourg, Caen-Le Mans and Caen-Rennes subsist with minimal services. Education
EconomyThe agricultural and food-processing Agrial cooperative has its head office on Caen. Agrial group processes vegetables, cider apples, milk, poultry and meat with the help of its 12,000 employees and all its partners.[28] Music and theatreThe Théâtre de Caen (1963) is the home of the Baroque musical ensemble Les Arts Florissants. The organization was founded by conductor William Christie in 1979 and derives its name from the 1685 opera by Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Notable Caennais{{See also|Category:People from Caen}}Caen was the birthplace of:
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}Twin towns and sister citiesCaen is twinned with:[29][30]
SportFrom 1947 to 2006, Caen was a stage of the Tour de France a total of 15 times.[36] Further, Caen was one of the hosts of the EuroBasket 1983. The city has a football team, SM Caen. See also{{Portal|Normandy}}
References
1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.paris-normandie.fr/actualites/societe/la-normandie-compte-3-339-131-habitants-KI11808460|title=La Normandie compte 3 339 131 habitants|work=www.paris-normandie.fr|access-date=2018-03-22|language=fr-FR}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://actu.fr/societe/grande-normandie-combien-dhabitants-dans-votre-commune_469212.html|title=Grande Normandie : combien d'habitants dans votre commune ?|access-date=2018-03-22|language=fr-FR}} 3. ^Cabinet du maire de Caen 4. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.notrefamille.com/v2/services-devises-armoiries/services-devises-armoiries-detail.asp?id=59512811 |title=French motto and heraldry site |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102060704/http://www.notrefamille.com/v2/services-devises-armoiries/services-devises-armoiries-detail.asp?id=59512811 |archive-date=2 January 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 5. ^Royal Chant, Pierre Gringoire (1475–1539) 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crhq.cnrs.fr/1944/Basse-Normandie.php |title=Mémorial des victimes civiles 1944 en Basse-Normandie |publisher=Crhq.cnrs.fr |date= |accessdate=12 March 2013}} 7. ^Marie Fauroux, Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie (911–1066), Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie XXXVI, Caen, 1961, p. 122, n° 32. 8. ^Ibid., p. 130, n° 34. 9. ^Villam que dicitur Cathim super fluvium Olne: the town called Cathim on the Orne river, ibid., p. 182, n° 58. 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/a/a-L.html |title=Manuscript A: The Parker Chronicle |publisher=Asc.jebbo.co.uk |date=15 August 2007 |accessdate=7 July 2009}} 11. ^Her Landfranc se þe wæs abbod an Kadum com to Ængla lande: Here Lanfranc who was abbot at Caen came to England. 12. ^Manuscript E: The Laud Chronicle - Asc.jebbo.co.uk 13. ^He swealt on Normandige on þone nextan dæg æfter natiuitas sancte Marie. 7 man bebyrgede hine on Caþum æt sancte Stephanes mynstre: He [King William] died in Normandy on the day after the Nativity of St Mary and was buried in Caen, in St Stephen's Abbey 14. ^René Lepelley, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de communes de Normandie, P.U.C., Corlet, Caen, Condé-sur-Noireau, 1996) 15. ^Brut, l. 13,936 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://caen.fr/publications/prairie-caen|title=La Prairie de Caen|website=CAEN|language=fr|access-date=2018-03-23}} 17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/caen-14000/en-images-caen-les-photos-de-la-prairie-inondee-5444265|title=EN IMAGES. Caen : inondations autour de la Prairie|work=Ouest-France.fr|access-date=2018-03-23|language=fr-FR}} 18. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/caen/14137001/normales| title = Données climatiques de la station de Caen| publisher = Meteo France| language = French| accessdate = January 9, 2016}} 19. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/basse-normandie/regi25/normales| title = Climat Basse-Normandie| publisher = Meteo France| language = French| accessdate = January 9, 2016}} 20. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07027-caen-carpiquet.html| title = Normes et records 1961-1990: Caen-Carpiquet (14) - altitude 64m| language = French| publisher = Infoclimat| accessdate = January 9, 2016}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315021813/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07027-caen-carpiquet.html Archived] March 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine 21. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/FR/07027.TXT| title = Caen–Carpiquet (07027) - WMO Weather Station| accessdate = January 18, 2019| publisher = NOAA}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAACaenCarpiquet Archived] January 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine 22. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.caen-tourisme.fr/fr/decouvrir-caen/patrimoine-architectural/maisons-pans-de-bois|title=Maisons à pans de bois|work=Office de Tourisme de Caen|access-date=2018-03-23|language=fr}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://caen.fr/adresse/colline-aux-oiseaux|title=Colline aux Oiseaux|website=CAEN|language=fr|access-date=2018-03-23}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.calvados-tourisme.com/diffusio/fr/decouvrir/parcs-et-jardins/caen/la-colline-aux-oiseaux-l-un-des-plus-grand-parc-et-jardins-de-cae_TFOPCUNOR014FS00076.php|title=La colline aux oiseaux, l'un des plus grand parc et jardins de Cae|website=Site officiel du tourisme dans le Calvados|language=fr|access-date=2018-03-23}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028625983|title=Décret n° 2014-160 du 17 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département du Calvados | Legifrance|accessdate=2017-05-16}} 26. ^http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/guided-bus-to-tram-plan-confirmed.html 27. ^Voie Verte https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_verte_de_Caen_%C3%A0_Ouistreham 28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.agrial.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/RA_Agrial_2014_vgb.pdf|title=Annual Report 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|publisher=Agrial Group|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174644/http://www.agrial.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/RA_Agrial_2014_vgb.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 29. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=4#tabs3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127063207/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=4 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=27 November 2013 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |accessdate=26 December 2013 |work=Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=French |df=dmy }} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ville-caen.fr/infos_mairie/VillesJumelles/|title=Caen, terre d'échanges|author=Mairie de Caen|accessdate=28 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420040713/http://www.ville-caen.fr/infos_mairie/VillesJumelles/|archive-date=20 April 2009|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scnashville.org/ |title=Sister Cities of Nashville |work=SCNashville.org|accessdate=3 August 2011}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |title=Coventry's twin towns |accessdate=6 August 2013 |last=Griffin |first=Mary |date=2 August 2011 |work=Coventry Telegraph |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806032050/http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |archivedate=6 August 2013 |df=dmy }} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities|title=Coventry - Twin towns and cities|accessdate = 6 August 2013|work = Coventry City Council.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412062545/http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities|archivedate=12 April 2013 }} 34. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=British towns twinned with French towns |accessdate=11 July 2013 |work=Archant Community Media Ltd |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archivedate=5 July 2013 |df=dmy }} 35. ^(6 June 1987){{cite web |url=http://www3.hants.gov.uk/localpages/twintown.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211225550/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/localpages/twintown.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=11 February 2007 |title=Twin Towns in Hampshire |publisher=www3.hants.gov.uk |accessdate=6 November 2009 }} 36. ^{{cite web |title=Caen in the Tour de France |url=http://ledicodutour.perso.sfr.fr/villes_etapes/villes_c/caen.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713104422/http://ledicodutour.perso.sfr.fr/villes_etapes/villes_c/caen.htm |archivedate=13 July 2016}} Bibliography{{See also|Timeline of Caen#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Caen}}
External links{{Commons}}
4 : Caen|Communes of Calvados (department)|Prefectures in France|Port cities and towns on the French Atlantic coast |
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