| 词条 | Caenophidia |
| 释义 |
| taxon = Caenophidia | image = Crotalus atrox (2).jpg | image_caption = Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) | authority = Hoffstetter, 1939 | subdivision_ranks = Subclades | subdivision =
}} The Caenophidia are a derived clade of alethinophidian snakes, which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes.[1] The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least seven other families[1], at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped us understand their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic.[1] Although the Caenophidia previously was held to exclude Acrochordidae, researchers have recognized that Acrochordids share several traits with the other Caenophidians.[2] Hence Caenophidia is usually considered to comprise Acrochordidae plus more the more derived snakes classified as Colubroidea. Recent molecular studies also found the families Xenophidiidae and Bolyeriidae to be the basal most extant families of Caenophidia, as opposed to being members of Henophidia.[3][4][5] Below is a phylogeny of the Caenophidia from various studies:[3][4][5] {{clade|style=font-size:75%|label1=Caenophidia|1={{Clade |label1=Bolyerioidea |1={{Clade |1=Xenophidiidae |2=Bolyeriidae}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1=†Anomalophioidea |1={{Clade |1=†Anomalophiidae}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1=†Russellophioidea |1={{Clade |1=†Russellophiidae}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1=Acrochordoidea |1={{Clade |1=†Nigerophiidae |2={{Clade |1=Acrochordidae |2={{Clade |label1=†Palaeophiidae |1={{Clade |1=†Archaeophinae |2=†Palaeophiinae}}}}}}}} |label2=Colubroides |2={{Clade |label1=Xenodermatoidea |1={{Clade |1=Xenodermatidae}} |label2=Colubriformes |2={{Clade |label1=Pareatoidea |1={{Clade |label1=Pareatidae |1={{Clade |1=Pareatinae |2=Xylophiinae}}}} |label2=Endoglyptodonta |2={{Clade |label1=Viperoidea |1={{Clade |label1=Viperidae |1={{Clade |1=Viperinae |2={{Clade |1=Azemiopinae |2=Crotalinae}}}}}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1=Homalopsoidea |1={{Clade |1=Homalopsidae}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1=Elapoidea |1={{Clade |1=Prosymnidae |2={{Clade |1=Buhoma |2={{Clade |label1=Psammophiidae |1={{Clade |1=Pseudaspidinae |2=Psammophiinae}} |2={{Clade |label1= |1={{Clade |label1=Lamprophiidae |1={{Clade |1=Pseudoxyrhophiinae |2={{Clade |1=Micrelapiinae |2={{Clade |1=Psammodynastiinae |2=Lamprophiinae}}}}}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1=Elapidae |1={{Clade |1=Calliophiinae |2={{Clade |1=Micrurinae |2={{Clade |1=Najinae |2={{Clade |1=Bungarinae |2={{Clade |1=Elapsoidea |2=Hydrophiinae}}}}}}}}}} |label2=Atractaspididae |2={{Clade |1=Cyclocorinae |2=Atractaspidinae}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |label2=Colubroidea |2={{Clade |label1=Colubridae |1={{Clade |label1= |1={{Clade |1=Grayiinae |2=Calamariinae}} |label2= |2={{Clade |1=Ahaetuliinae |2=Colubrinae}}}} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1= |1={{Clade |1=Sibynophiidae |2=Natricidae}} |label2= |2={{Clade |1=Pseudoxenodontidae |2={{Clade |label1=Dipsadidae |1={{Clade |1=Carphophiinae |2={{Clade |1=Xenodontinae |2=Dipsadinae}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} References1. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last1=Vidal |first1=Nicolas |last2=Delmas |first2=Anne-Sophie |last3=David |first3=Patrick |last4=Cruaudd |first4=Corinne |last5=Couloux |first5=Arnaud |last6=Hedges |first6=S. Blair|year=2007 |title=The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=330 |issue=2 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001|pmid=17303545}} {{Alethinophidia-stub}}2. ^{{Cite journal |last=Rieppel |first=O. |year=1979 |title=A cladistics classification of primitive snakes based on skull structure |journal=Zeitschrift für Zoologie, Systematik und Evolutionforschung (Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research)|volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=140–150 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1979.tb00696.x}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal| author1=Pyron | author2=Burbrink | author3=Wiens | year=2013 | title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=13 | page=93 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Reynolds|first1=RG|last2=Niemiller|first2=ML|last3=Revell|first3=LJ|title=Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2014|volume=71|pages=201–213|url=http://www.rgrahamreynolds.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Reynolds_etal_2014_MPE.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Figueroa|first1=A.|last2=McKelvy|first2=A. D.|last3=Grismer|first3=L. L.|last4=Bell|first4=C. D.|last5=Lailvaux|first5=S. P.|title=A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2016|volume=11|pages=e0161070|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0161070}} 1 : Alethinophidia |
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