“Combatant Clergy Association”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Combatant Clergy Association ({{lang-fa|جامعۀ روحانیت مبارز|jâmeʿe-ye rowhâniyat-e mobârez}}) is a politically active group in Iran, but not a political party in the traditional sense.

It has never been registered as a political party, however it acts as a fragmented caucus and has actively operated in the electoral arena, competing for votes. Thus, it is considered an elite party and can be classified as a political party according to the minimalist definition by Angelo Panebianco. The traditional conservative clerical association was the majority party in the fourth and fifth parliaments after the Islamic revolution.^[2]

The organization has great influence over non-elective institutions such as the Judicial system, the Guardian Council and Revolutionary Guard Corps.^[1]

History

After the 15 Khordad demonstration failed in Iran, it was felt that a coherence organization was needed.^[2] The association was founded in 1977 by a group of clerics with intentions to use Islamic culture and traditions to overthrow the Shah. Although the exact founding members of the group are unsure, some of them were said to be Ali Khamenei, Morteza Motahhari, Mohammad Beheshti, Mohammad Javad Bahonar, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Fazlollah Mahallati, and Mohammad Mofatteh,^[3] and its current members include founding member Ali Khamenei.^[4]

The Combatant Clergy Association was one of the only active republican groups before the Iran–Iraq War. A "free political atmosphere" was not provided in Iran due to the special conditions of wartime, and the Combatant Clergy Association was the only active political organisation after the dissolution of the Islamic Republican Party (All IRP clerics were members of CCA but not all CCA founders were members of IRP).^[5] By the emergence of factional differences in government of Mir Hossein Mousavi, the organization was divided, and Association of Combatant Clerics was formed.^[6]

Recent years

CCA is suffering from unresolved contention between its elites. Hassan Rouhani, president of Iran since 2013, is a member of the faction although he has been inactive and not participated their regular sessions since the disputed 2009 presidential elections, a situation that applies to Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as well.^[5]^[7] The association however backed Rafsanjani and Rouhani in 2016 Assembly of Experts election and included both on its list,^[8] despite backing Rouhani's rival, Ebrahim Raisi, for president in 2017.^[9]

Goals and activities

The association brought together anti-Shah clerics and bazaaris.^[10] It also aimed to preserve the revolution and its achievements. Supporting the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and state organization are some of the group's goals. The association does not recognize itself as a political party and hence does not have any written strategy or policy. The association mostly announces its political viewpoints around election time.^[3]

Members of the association have had important positions in the different governments of Iran. By 2004, four out of eight presidents of the executive branch of the government had been selected from this association. Also, the president of the judicial branch of the government was one the members of the association, Ayatollah Mohammad Yazdi, for two five-year periods, from 1989 to 1999.^[3]

Foreign policy

The association believes in making diplomatic relationships with all the world countries except United States and Israel, and their criteria in this regard is avoiding both being dominated by other countries and domination over others. However, they believe that there can be relationships with France and England under defined conditions. The association believes that there is an intrinsic differences between the value system of Iran and western societies.^[11]

Financial sources

The fourth chapter of the Combatant Clergy Association's statute deals with the financial issues of the association. The association has no financial source such as factories or businesses.^[11]

Election results

Assembly of Experts

List of General Secretaries

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal|first1=Hossein|last1=Asayesh|first2=Adlina Ab. |last2=Halim|first3=Jayum A.|last3=Jawan|first4=Seyedeh Nosrat|last4=Shojaei|url=http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jpl/article/download/9606/6898|title=Political Party in Islamic Republic of Iran: A Review|journal=Journal of Politics and Law|volume=4|number=1|pages=221–230|year=March 2011|issn=1913-9047|publisher=Canadian Center of Science and Education}}
2. ^{{cite news|last1=Staff writers|title=Combatant Clergy Association; An Organization which was formed by Political Motivations|url=http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4723912/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%83%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA|accessdate=26 September 2016|agency=Young Journalists Club|language=fa-IR}}
3. ^¹²{{cite journal|last1=Staff writers|title=Performance history and strategies of Combatant Clergy Association (Part 1)|journal=Hawzeh Pegah|date=2004|issue=135|language=fa|url=http://www.hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/3814/3986/25537/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%98%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.ir/fa/news/92032615386/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |title=ایسنا - پیام تبریک جامعه مدرسین به مردم و حسن روحانی|work=Isna|accessdate=17 June 2013}}
5. ^¹²{{cite thesis |last=Mohammadighalehtaki|first=Ariabarzan|date=2012|title=Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat)|type=Ph.D. thesis|publisher=Durham University|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3507/|page=175–177}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Haddad Adel|first1=Gholamali|last2=Elmi|first2=Mohammad Jafar|last3=Taromi-Rad|first3=Hassan|title=Political Parties: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam|publisher=EWI Press|isbn=9781908433022|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dCp_LXSONWsC&pg=PA21&dq=Combatant+Clergy+Association#v=onepage&q=Combatant%20Clergy%20Association&f=false|accessdate=17 September 2016|language=en|date=2012-08-31}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Elections divide cleric coalition in Qom|url=http://theiranproject.com/blog/2012/12/29/elections-divide-cleric-coalition-in-qom/|via=The Iran Project|website=Rooz Online|accessdate=20 September 2016|author=Mahnaz Malekuti|date=29 December 2012}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Why this election of Iran's Assembly of Experts is more important than ever|url=http://al-monitor.com/pulse/en/originals/2016/02/iran-assembly-of-experts-election-rafsanjani-hardliners.html|website=Al-Monitor|accessdate=20 September 2016|author=Arash Karami|date=23 February 2016}}
9. ^{{citation|url=http://www.irdiplomacy.ir/en/page/1968565/Principlists+Shift+toward+Conservative+Candidate+Ebrahim+Raisi.html|title=Principlists Shift toward Conservative Candidate Ebrahim Raisi|work=Iranian Diplomacy|date=23 April 2017|access-date=24 April 2017}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Kandil|first1=Hazem|title=The Power Triangle: Military, Security, and Politics in Regime Change|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190239206|url=https://books.google.com/?id=f1CsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&dq=Combatant+Clergy+Association#v=onepage&q=Combatant%20Clergy%20Association&f=false|accessdate=18 September 2016|language=en|date=2016-08-15}}
11. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Staff writers|title=Performance history and strategies of Combatant Clergy Association (Part 2)|journal=Hawzeh Pegah|date=2004|issue=136|language=fa|url=http://www.hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/3814/3987/26208/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%98%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13941022001602|title= جریان شناسی ادوار انتخابات مجلس خبرگان|date=13 January 2016|publisher=Fars News Agency|accessdate=22 February 2016|language=Persian}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/478270/Politics/election|title=تاثیر حمایت جامعه مدرسین در رای آوری نامزدهای خبرگان/کدام اعضای کنونی نامزد جامعه مدرسین نبودند؟|date=1 March 2016|website=Khabaronline|access-date=1 March 2016|language=Persian}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/515147|title=طیف بندی‌های خبرگان پنجم را بشناسید/ 3 منتخب اختصاصی جامعه مدرسین و 16 منتخب اختصاصی خبرگان مردم |date=1 March 2016|website=Khabaronline|access-date=1 March 2016|language=Persian}}
15. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.ir/news/93091207754/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7|title=موحدی کرمانی دبیرکل شد|language=Persian|trans-title=Movahedi-Kermani became the General Secretary|id=93091207754|date=3 December 2014|access-date=25 June 2016|publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency}}