“Comparison of file systems”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of file systems.

General information

Limits

Metadata

File system	Stores file owner	POSIX file permissions	Creation timestamps	Last access/ read timestamps	Last metadata change timestamps	Last archive timestamps	Access control lists	Security/ MAC labels	Extended attributes/ Alternate data streams/ forks	Checksum/ ECC
BeeGFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
CP/M file system	{{no}}	{{no}}	Implemented in later versions as an extension}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
DECtape^[26]	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Elektronika BK tape format	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
Level-D	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
RT-11^[27]	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} (date only)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
Version 6 Unix file system (V6FS)^[28]	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Version 7 Unix file system (V7FS)^[29]	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
FAT12/FAT16/FAT32	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=fat-ctime \|Some FAT implementations, such as in Linux, show file modification timestamp (mtime) in the metadata change timestamp (ctime) field. This timestamp is however, not updated on file metadata change.}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-22 \|Particular Installable File System drivers and operating systems may not support extended attributes on FAT12 and FAT16. The OS/2 and Windows NT filesystem drivers for FAT12 and FAT16 support extended attributes (using a "EA DATA. SF" pseudo-file to reserve the clusters allocated to them). Other filesystem drivers for other operating systems do not.}}	{{no}}
HPFS	name=note-14 \|The f-node contains a field for a user identifier. This is not used except by OS/2 Warp Server, however.}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
NTFS	{{yes}}	name=note-5 \|NTFS access control lists can express any access policy possible using simple POSIX file permissions (and far more), but use of a POSIX-like interface is not supported without an add-on such as Services for UNIX or Cygwin.}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	As of Vista, NTFS has support for Mandatory Labels, which are used to enforce Mandatory Integrity Control.^[30]}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
ReFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	Initially, ReFS lacked support for ADS, but Server 2012 R2 and up add support for ADS on ReFS}}	Data checksums not enabled by default}}
HFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
HFS Plus	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
FFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
UFS1	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-33 \|Access-control lists and MAC labels are layered on top of extended attributes.}}	name=note-33}}	name=note-32 \|Some operating systems implemented extended attributes as a layer over UFS1 with a parallel backing file (e.g., FreeBSD 4.x).}}	{{no}}
UFS2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-33}}	name=note-33}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
HAMMER	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
LFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Xiafs	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-23 \|Some Installable File System drivers and operating systems may not support extended attributes, access control lists or security labels on these filesystems. Linux kernels prior to 2.6.x may either be missing support for these altogether or require a patch.}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
ext3	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-23}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
ext4	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-23}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	Journal and metadata only^[31]}}
NOVA	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
Lustre	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
F2FS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-23}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
GPFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
GFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-23}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
NILFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
ReiserFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-23}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
Reiser4	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
OCFS	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
OCFS2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
XFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-35 \|Creation time stored since June 2015, xfsprogs version 3.2.3}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	name=note-23}}	{{yes}}	name=note-34 \|Metadata checksums stored since June 2015, xfsprogs version 3.2.3}}
JFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
QFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
BFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
AdvFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
NSS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-31 \|The local time, timezone/UTC offset, and date are derived from the time settings of the reference/single timesync source in the NDS tree.}}	name=note-31}}	{{yes}}	name=note-31}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-19 \|Novell calls this feature "multiple data streams". Published specifications say that NWFS allows for 16 attributes and 10 data streams, and NSS allows for unlimited quantities of both.}}{{efn \|name=note-29 \|Some file and directory metadata is stored on the NetWare server irrespective of whether Directory Services is installed or not, like date/time of creation, file size, purge status, etc; and some file and directory metadata is stored in NDS/eDirectory, like file/object permissions, ownership, etc.}}	{{no}}
NWFS	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-31}}	name=note-31}}	{{yes}}	name=note-31}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-19}}{{efn \|name=note-29}}	{{no}}
ODS-5	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-17 \|Record Management Services (RMS) attributes include record type and size, among many others.}}	{{no}}
APFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{partial}}
VxFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-23}}	{{no}}
UDF	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
Fossil	{{yes}}	name=note-61 \|File permission in 9P are a variation of the traditional Unix permissions with some minor changes, e.g. the suid bit is replaced by a new 'exclusive access' bit.}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ZFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-69 \|Supported on FreeBSD and Linux implementations, support may not be available on all operating systems.}}	name=note-60 \|Solaris "extended attributes" are really full-blown alternate data streams, in both the Solaris UFS and ZFS.}}	{{yes}}
Btrfs	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	disabling copy-on-write (COW) to prevent fragmentation also disables checksumming}}
Minix V1	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Minix V2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Minix V3	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
VMFS2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
VMFS3	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
1988	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Rock Ridge	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	Access times are preserved from the original file system at creation time, but Rock Ridge file systems themselves are read-only.}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	libburnia can backup and restore ACLs with file system creation and extraction programs, but no kernel support exists.}}	name=note-78\|libburnia can backup and restore extended attributes and MAC labels with file system creation and extraction programs, but no kernel support exists.}}	name=note-78}}	{{no}}
Joliet ("CDFS")	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
1999	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
High Sierra	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
SquashFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
File system	Stores file owner	POSIX file permissions	Creation timestamps	Last access/read timestamps	Last metadata change timestamps	Last archive timestamps	Access control lists	Security/ MAC labels	Extended attributes/ Alternate data streams/ forks	Checksum/ ECC

Features

File capabilities

File system	Hard links	Symbolic links	Block journaling	Metadata-only journaling	Case-sensitive	Case-preserving	File Change Log	Internal snapshotting / branching	XIP	Filesystem-level encryption	Data deduplication	Data checksums
DECtape	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
BeeGFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
Level-D	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
RT-11	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
APFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{partial}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{partial}}	{{no}}
Version 6 Unix file system (V6FS)	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Version 7 Unix file system (V7FS)	{{yes}}	name=note-59 \|System V Release 4, and some other Unix systems, retrofitted symbolic links to their versions of the Version 7 Unix file system, although the original version didn't support them.}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
FAT12	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with TFAT12 only)	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with VFAT LFNs only)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (DR-DOS with SECURITY only)	{{no}}	{{no}}
FAT16 / FAT16B / FAT16X	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with TFAT16 only)	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with VFAT LFNs only)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (DR-DOS with SECURITY only)	{{no}}	{{no}}
FAT32 / FAT32X	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}?	{{partial}} (with TFAT32 only)	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with VFAT LFNs only)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
GFS	{{yes}}	Context based symlinks were supported in GFS, GFS2 only supports standard symlinks since the bind mount feature of the Linux VFS has made context based symlinks obsolete}}	{{yes}}	Optional journaling of data}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
HPFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
NTFS	{{yes}}	As of Windows Vista, NTFS fully supports symbolic links.^[32] NTFS 3.0 (Windows 2000) and higher can create junctions, which allow entire directories (but not individual files) to be mapped to elsewhere in the directory tree of the same partition (file system). These are implemented through reparse points, which allow the normal process of filename resolution to be extended in a flexible manner.}}	name=note-37 \|NTFS stores everything, even the file data, as meta-data, so its log is closer to block journaling.}}	name=note-37}} (2000)	name=note-36 \|While NTFS itself supports case sensitivity, the Win32 environment subsystem cannot create files whose names differ only by case for compatibility reasons. When a file is opened for writing, if there is any existing file whose name is a case-insensitive match for the new file, the existing file is truncated and opened for writing instead of a new file with a different name being created. Other subsystems like e. g. Services for Unix, that operate directly above the kernel and not on top of Win32 can have case-sensitivity.}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-93 \|NTFS does not internally support snapshots, but in conjunction with the Volume Shadow Copy Service can maintain persistent block differential volume snapshots.}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	name=note-NTFS-Dedup \|Supported only on Windows Server SKUs. However, partitions deduplicated on Server can be used on Client.}}^[33]	{{no}}
HFS Plus	{{yes}}^[34]	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-48 \|Metadata-only journaling was introduced in the Mac OS X 10.2.2 HFS Plus driver; journaling is enabled by default on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.}}	Although often believed to be case sensitive, HFS Plus normally is not. The typical default installation is case-preserving only. From Mac OS X 10.3 on the command newfs_hfs -s will create a case-sensitive new file system.^[35] HFS Plus version 5 optionally supports case-sensitivity. However, since case-sensitivity is fundamentally different from case-insensitivity, a new signature was required so existing HFS Plus utilities would not see case-sensitivity as a file system error that needed to be corrected. Since the new signature is 'HX', it is often believed this is a new filesystem instead of a simply an upgraded version of HFS Plus.^[36]^[37]}}	{{yes}}	Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) and late versions of Panther (10.3) provide file change logging (it's a feature of the file system software, not of the volume format, actually).^[38]}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-77 \|HFS+ does not actually encrypt files: to implement FileVault, OS X creates an HFS+ filesystem in a sparse, encrypted disk image that is automatically mounted over the home directory when the user logs in.}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
FFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
UFS1	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
UFS2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=note-66 \|"Soft dependencies" (softdep) in NetBSD, called "soft updates" in FreeBSD provide meta-data consistency at all times without double writes (journaling)}} ^[39] {{efn\|Journaled Soft Updates (SU+J) are the default as of FreeBSD 9.x-RELEASE ^[40]^[41]}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
HAMMER	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
LFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-38 \|UDF, LFS, and NILFS are log-structured file systems and behave as if the entire file system were a journal.}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Xiafs	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-65 \|Linux kernel versions 2.6.12 and newer.}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext3	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-62 \|Off by default.}}	{{yes}} (2001)	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext4	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-62}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}, experimental ^[42]	{{no}}	{{no}}
NOVA	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
F2FS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-38}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}, experimental ^[43]	{{no}}	{{no}}
Lustre	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-62}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
NILFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-38}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
ReiserFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-44 \|Full block journaling for ReiserFS was added to Linux 2.6.8.}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Reiser4	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-50 \|Reiser4 supports transparent compression and encryption with the cryptcompress plugin which is the default file handler in version 4.1.}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
OCFS	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
OCFS2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
XFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-40 \|Optionally no on IRIX.}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}, experimental ^[44]	{{no}}
JFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}} (1990)	name=note-30 \|Particular Installable File System drivers and operating systems may not support case sensitivity for JFS. OS/2 does not, and Linux has a mount option for disabling case sensitivity.}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
QFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
BFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
NSS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	name=note-20 \|Case-sensitivity/Preservation depends on client. Windows, DOS, and OS/2 clients don't see/keep case differences, whereas clients accessing via NFS or AFP may.}}	name=note-20}}	name=note-6 \|The file change logs, last entry change timestamps, and other filesystem metadata, are all part of the extensive suite of auditing capabilities built into NDS/eDirectory called NSure Audit.^[45]}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
NWFS	name=note-53 \|Available only in the "NFS" namespace.}}	name=note-53}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-20}}	name=note-20}}	name=note-6}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
ODS-2	{{yes}}	name=note-18 \|These are referred to as "aliases".}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ODS-5	{{yes}}	name=note-18}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
UDF	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-38}}	name=note-38}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
VxFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-70 \|VxFS provides an optional feature called "Storage Checkpoints" which allows for advanced file system snapshots.}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{Yes}}	{{no}}
Fossil	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}
ZFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	name=note-56 \|ZFS is a transactional filesystem using copy-on-write semantics, guaranteeing an always-consistent on-disk state without the use of a traditional journal. However, it does also implement an intent log to provide better performance when synchronous writes are requested.}}	name=note-56}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	name=zfscrypt \|Applies only to proprietary ZFS release and ZFS On Linux. Encryption support is not yet available in whole OpenZFS.^[46]^[47]}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
Btrfs	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}, planned, not being developed (Nov, 2015)^[48]	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
Minix V1	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Minix V2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Minix V3	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
VMFS2	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
VMFS3	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ReFS	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	name=note-36}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
ISO 9660	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-79\|Some file system creation implementations reuse block references and support deduplication this way. This is not supported by the standard, but usually works well due to the file system's read-only nature.}}	{{no}}
Rock Ridge	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-79}}	{{no}}
Joliet ("CDFS")	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=note-79}}	{{no}}
SquashFS	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
File system	Hard links	Symbolic links	Block journaling	Metadata-only journaling	Case-sensitive	Case-preserving	File Change Log	Internal snapshotting / branching	XIP	Filesystem-level encryption	Data deduplication	Data checksums

Resize capabilities

Allocation and layout policies

OS support

File system	DOS	Windows 9x	Windows NT	Linux	"classic" Mac OS	macOS	FreeBSD	OS/2	BeOS	Minix	Solaris	z/OS
APFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (read-only with apfs-fuse^[71] or linux-apfs^[72])	{{no}}	{{yes}} (Since macOS Sierra)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
BeeGFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
DECtape	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Level-D	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
RT-11	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Version 6 Unix file system (V6FS)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
Version 7 Unix file system (V7FS)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
FAT12	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{partial}} (via dosdir, dosread, doswrite)	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
FAT16 / FAT16B / FAT16X	{{yes}} (FAT16 from DOS 3.0, FAT16B from DOS 3.31, FAT16X from DOS 7.0)	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{partial}} (via dosdir, dosread, doswrite, not FAT16X)	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
FAT32 / FAT32X	{{yes}} (from DOS 7.10)	{{yes}} (from Windows 95 OSR2)	{{yes}} (from Windows 2000)	{{yes}}	{{yes}}?	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
GFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
HPFS	{{partial}} (with third-party drivers)	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with NT 3.1 to 4.0 only)	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}} (from OS/2 1.2)	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
NTFS	{{partial}} (with third-party drivers)	{{yes}} (with 3rd-party drivers like “Paragon NTFS for Win98”,“DiskInternals NTFS Reader”）	{{yes}}	{{yes}} with ntfs-3g	{{no}}	{{yes}} natively read only, write support with Paragon NTFS or ntfs-3g	{{yes}} with ntfs-3g	{{dunno}}	{{yes}} with ntfs-3g	{{no}}	{{yes}} with ntfs-3g	{{dunno}}
Apple HFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with Paragon HFS+ ^[73]	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
Apple HFS Plus	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with Paragon HFS+ ^[73]	{{partial}} - writing support only to unjournalled FS	{{yes}} from Mac OS 8.1	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	with addon}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}
FFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
UFS1	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with ufs2tools, read only)	{{partial}} - read only	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
UFS2	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (with ufs2tools, read only)	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
LFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
ext	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} - until 2.1.20	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Xiafs	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} - until 2.1.20 Experimental port available to 2.6.32 and later ^[74]^[75]	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ext2	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with Paragon ExtFS ^[76] or partial with Ext2 IFS^[77] or ext2fsd^[78]	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with Paragon ExtFS ^[79] or ext2fsx	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
ext3	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with Paragon ExtFS ^[80] or partial with Ext2 IFS^[77] or ext2fsd^[78]	{{yes}}	date=October 2016}}	{{yes}} with Paragon ExtFS ^[81] or partial with ext2fsx (journal not updated on writing)	{{partial}} (read-only)^[82]^[83]	{{no}}	with addon}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
ext4	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with Paragon ExtFS ^[84] or partial with Ext2 IFS^[77] or ext2fsd^[78]	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}} with Paragon ExtFS ^[85]	{{partial}} support in kernel since version 10.1 (read-only)^[82]^[83]	{{no}}	with addon}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
NOVA	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
Lustre	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}^[86]	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
NILFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}} as an external kernel module	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
F2FS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
ReiserFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{partial}} Read Only	{{dunno}}	with addon}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
Reiser4	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with a kernel patch	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
SpadFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
OCFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
OCFS2	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
XFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{partial}}	{{dunno}}	with addon (read only)}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
JFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
QFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} - client only^[87]	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
Be File System	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} - read-only	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
NSS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=EVMS \|Supported using only EVMS; not currently supported using LVM}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
NWFS	{{partial}} (with Novell drivers)	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
ODS-2	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
ODS-5	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
UDF	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
VxFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
Fossil	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=fossil-p9p \|Provided in Plan 9 from User Space}}	{{no}}	name=fossil-p9p}}	name=fossil-p9p}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	name=fossil-p9p}}	{{dunno}}
ZFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} with FUSE^[88] or as an external kernel module^[89]	{{dunno}}	{{yes}} with Read/Write Developer Preview^[90]	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
Btrfs	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{Partial}} with WinBtrfs^[91]	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
VMFS2	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
VMFS3	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
IBM HFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
IBM zFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}
ReFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}} (from Windows Server 2012 and from Windows 8.1)	{{Partial}} - with Paragon ReFS for Linux	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}	{{dunno}}
ISO 9660	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}
Rock Ridge	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
Joliet ("CDFS")	{{no}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}	{{yes}}	{{dunno}}
SquashFS	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (There are ports of unsquashfs and mksquashfs.)	{{yes}}	{{no}}	{{partial}} (There are ports of unsquashfs and mksquashfs.)	{{partial}} (There are ports of unsquashfs and mksquashfs and fusefs-port.^[92]^[93])	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}	{{no}}
File system	DOS	Windows 9x	Windows NT	Linux	"classic" Mac OS	macOS	FreeBSD	OS/2	BeOS	Minix	Solaris	z/OS

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/in-his-own-words-gary-kildall/ |title=In His Own Words: Gary Kildall |author-first=Len |author-last=Shustek |date=2016-08-02 |work=Remarkable People |publisher=Computer History Museum}}
2. ^{{cite paper|orig-year=1993|date=2016-08-02|title=Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry|author-first=Gary Arlen|author-last=Kildall|author-link=Gary Kildall|editor-first1=Scott|editor-last1=Kildall|editor-link=Scott Kildall|editor-first2=Kristin|editor-last2=Kildall|publisher=Kildall Family|type=Manuscript, part 1|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/computer-history-museum-license-agreement-for-the-kildall-manuscript/|access-date=2016-11-17}}
3. ^{{cite journal |title=Extensions to MS-DOS Run CD-ROM |author-first=Scott |author-last=Mace |journal=InfoWorld |volume=8 |issue=38 |date=1986-09-22 |pages=1, 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2016-11-09}}
4. ^{{cite web |last1=Warren |first1=David |date=20 October 1993 |title=Polycenter File System - - HELP |url=http://www.ornl.gov/lists/mailing-lists/tru64-unix-managers/1993/10/msg00043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144054/http://www.ornl.gov/lists/mailing-lists/tru64-unix-managers/1993/10/msg00043.html |archive-date=9 March 2012}}
5. ^{{cite press release |title=Sun Microsystems Expands High Performance Computing Portfolio with Definitive Agreement to Acquire Assets of Cluster File Systems, Including the Lustre File System |location=Santa Clara, Calif. |date=12 September 2007 |publisher=Sun Microsystems, Inc. |url=http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2007-09/sunflash.20070912.2.xml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002091821/http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/pr/2007-09/sunflash.20070912.2.xml |archivedate=2 October 2007}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://bxr.su/d/sys/vfs/hammer2/DESIGN|title=hammer2/DESIGN|author=Matthew Dillon|author-link=Matthew Dillon (computer scientist)|website=BSD Cross Reference|publisher=DragonFly BSD|date=2018-12-09|access-date=2019-03-06}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=SFS file system |website=IBM Knowledge Center |url=http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SS6SGM_3.1.0/com.ibm.aix.cbl.doc/PGandLR/ref/rpfio50.htm}}
8. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=File System Functionality Comparison|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ee681827(v=vs.85).aspx#limits|website=Microsoft Developer Network|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=4 November 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web |title= Limitations of the FAT32 File System in Windows XP |publisher=Microsoft |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314463}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://cd.textfiles.com/ataricompendium/BOOK/HTML/CHAP2.HTM|title=GEMDOS Overview}}
11. ^https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/FileManagement/Conceptual/APFS_Guide/FAQ/FAQ.html
12. ^https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/FileManagement/Conceptual/APFS_Guide/VolumeFormatComparison/VolumeFormatComparison.html
13. ^http://dubeyko.com/development/FileSystems/NTFS/ntfsdoc.pdf
14. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/b8/2012/01/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs/|title=Building the next generation file system for Windows: ReFS|author=Steven Sinofsky|authorlink=Steven Sinofsky|date=January 16, 2012}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/storage/refs/refs-overview|title=Resilient File System (ReFS) overview|website=docs.microsoft.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-11-07}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201711|title=Mac OS X: Mac OS Extended format (HFS Plus) volume and file limits|website=support.apple.com|date=July 26, 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/TA21924|title=Mac OS 8, 9: Mac OS Extended Format - Volume and File Limits|website=support.apple.com|date=February 20, 2012}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://apollo.backplane.com/DFlyMisc/hammer2.txt|title=HAMMER2 Design Document|author=Matthew Dillon}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dragonflybsd.org/hammer/hammer.pdf|title=The HAMMER Filesystem|author=Matthew Dillon|date=June 21, 2008}}
20. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19120-01/open.solaris/819-2723/fsfilesysappx-5/index.html |title=Maximum Number of UFS Subdirectories |publisher=Oracle |accessdate=2019-02-12 }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.freebsd.org/doc/faq/book.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD 9.X and 10.X |publisher=FreeBSD Documentation Project |accessdate=2016-03-20 |quote=If there was not a fsck(8) memory limit the maximum filesystem size would be 2 ^ 64 (blocks) * 32 KB => 16 Exa * 32 KB => 512 ZettaBytes. }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://arvimal.blog/2016/07/21/max-file-name-length-in-an-ext4-file-system/|title=Max file-name length in an EXT4 file system.|author=Vimal A.R|date={{date|2016-07-16}}|website=arvimal.blog}}
23. ^{{cite web |title=Interviews/EricSandeen |date=9 June 2008 |website=Fedora Project Wiki |url=http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Interviews/EricSandeen}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=FAQ |date=15 October 2003 |website=namesys |url=http://www.namesys.com/faq.html#reiserfsspecs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719110322/http://www.namesys.com/faq.html#reiserfsspecs |archive-date=19 July 2006}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html |title=Joliet Specification |date=22 May 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414104421/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html|archive-date=14 April 2009}}
26. ^{{cite web | url = http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp11/rt11/v5.6_Aug91/AA-PD6PA-TC_RT-11_Volume_and_File_Formats_Manual_Aug91.pdf | title = RT–11 Volume and File Formats Manual | publisher = Digital Equipment Corporation | date = August 1991 | page = 1-26 .. 1-32}}
27. ^{{cite web | url = http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp11/rt11/v5.6_Aug91/AA-PD6PA-TC_RT-11_Volume_and_File_Formats_Manual_Aug91.pdf | title = RT–11 Volume and File Formats Manual | publisher = Digital Equipment Corporation | date = August 1991 | page = 1-4 .. 1-12}}
28. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.utdallas.edu/~venky/os/Proj/disk.pdf | title=Format of the Unix 6 file system | accessdate=2016-02-21 }}
29. ^See dinode structure on page 355 (FILESYS(5)) of {{cite web | url=http://web.cuzuco.com/~cuzuco/v7/v7vol1.pdf | title= Unix Programmers Manual | publisher=Bell Telephone Laboratories | location=Murray Hill, New Jersey | edition=Seventh | date=January 1979 | accessdate=2016-02-21 }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb648648.aspx|title=Mandatory Integrity Control|website=Microsoft Developer Network}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Ext4 Metadata Checksums - Ext4|url=https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Metadata_Checksums|website=ext4.wiki.kernel.org|language=en}}
32. ^{{cite magazine|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/7f4942ce-a782-49a7-bfbb-220337a0cd92|title=Windows Administration: Inside the Windows Vista Kernel: Part 1|author=Mark Russinovich|authorlink=Mark Russinovich|date=February 2007|magazine=TechNet}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh769303(v=vs.85).aspx|title=About Data Deduplication}}
34. ^{{cite web|last1=Siracusa|first1=John|title=Mac OS X 10.7 Lion: the Ars Technica review|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7/12/#hfs-problems|website=Ars Technica|accessdate=14 December 2017|quote=To keep track of hard links, HFS+ creates a separate file for each hard link inside a hidden directory at the root level of the volume.}}
35. ^{{man|8|newfs_hfs|Darwin}}
36. ^{{cite web |publisher=Apple |url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPFileSystem/Articles/Comparisons.html |title=File System Comparisons}} (hasn't been updated to discuss HFSX)
37. ^{{cite web |publisher=Apple |url=https://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html |title=Technical Note TN1150: HFS Plus Volume Format}} (Very technical overview of HFS Plus and HFSX.)
38. ^fslogger
39. ^https://www.mckusick.com/softdep/suj.pdf
40. ^https://wiki.freebsd.org/NewFAQs
41. ^https://www.freebsd.org/releases/9.0R/announce.html
42. ^{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/639427/ |title=Ext4 encryption}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/677620/ |title=F2FS encryption}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://strugglers.net/~andy/blog/2017/01/10/xfs-reflinks-and-deduplication/|title=XFS, Reflinks and Deduplication}}
45. ^Filesystem Events tracked by NSure
46. ^{{cite web|title=How to Manage ZFS Data Encryption|url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/manage-zfs-encryption-1715034.html}}
47. ^https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/pull/5769
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/FAQ|title=Btrfs FAQ|website=Btrfs Wiki}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Just Enough Operating System (JeOS): Technical Information {{!}} SUSE|url=https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/|website=www.suse.com|accessdate=28 April 2018|language=en}}
50. ^¹²{{man|8|resize2fs|Linux}}
51. ^¹²³With software based on GNU Parted
52. ^https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs-tools.git/
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/jfs.txt|title=IBM's Journaled File System (JFS) for Linux}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.lustre.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions_(Old_Wiki)|title=Frequently Asked Questions (Old Wiki)|accessdate=5 May 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://nilfs.sourceforge.net/en/man8/nilfs-resize.8.html|title=nilfs-resize(8)}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://linux.die.net/man/8/ntfsresize|title=ntfsresize(8)}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://reiser4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Resize_reiserfs|title=Resize reiserfs|website=Reiserfs wiki}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.suse.com/documentation/sles11/stor_admin/data/biuymaa.html|title=Resizing File Systems}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E37670_01/E37355/html/ol_grow_xfs.html|title=Growing an XFS File System}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/disks-growing.html|title=Resizing and Growing Disks}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/wwdc-2017-macoss-new-file-system/|title=Mac users, meet APFS: macOS's new file system - ZDNet}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/FileManagement/Conceptual/APFS_Guide/FAQ/FAQ.html|title=Apple File System Guide - FAQ}}
63. ^¹{{cite web |title=DMSDOS CVF module |type=dmsdoc.doc |version=0.9.2.0 |date=1998-11-19 |url=http://cmp.felk.cvut.cz/~pisa/dmsdos/dmsdos.html |access-date=2016-11-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102123812/http://cmp.felk.cvut.cz/~pisa/dmsdos/dmsdos.html |archive-date=2016-11-02 |quote=Usually all data for one cluster are stored in contiguous sectors, but if the filesystem is too fragmented there may not be a 'free hole' that is large enough for the data. […] Drivespace 3 and Stacker know a hack for that situation: they allow storing the data of one cluster in several fragments on the disk.}}
64. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.techhelpmanual.com/814-mapping_dos_fat_to_mdfat.html|title=Mapping DOS FAT to MDFAT}}
65. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.techhelpmanual.com/808-cvf_region__mdfat.html|title=CVF Region: MDFAT}}
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