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词条 Comparison of operating system kernels
释义

  1. Comparison criteria

  2. Feature overview

  3. Transport protocol support

  4. In-kernel security

  5. In-kernel virtualization

  6. In-kernel server support

  7. Binary format support

  8. File system support

  9. Networked file system support

  10. Supported CPU instruction sets and microarchitectures

  11. Supported kernel execution environment

  12. Supported cipher algorithms

  13. Supported compression algorithms

  14. Supported message digest algorithms

  15. Supported Bluetooth protocols

  16. See also

  17. Footnotes

A kernel is the most fundamental component of a computer operating system.[1] A comparison of system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems.

Comparison criteria

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available operating system kernels. Please see the individual products' articles for further information.

Even though there are a large number and variety of available Linux distributions, all of these kernels are grouped under a single entry in these tables, due to the differences among them being of the patch level. See comparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. Linux distributions that have highly modified kernels — for example, real-time computing kernels — should be listed separately. There are also a wide variety of minor BSD operating systems, many of which can be found at comparison of BSD operating systems.

The tables specifically do not include subjective viewpoints on the merits of each kernel or operating system. For this kind of information, please see operating system advocacy.

Feature overview

The major contemporary general-purpose kernels are shown in comparison. Only an overview of the technical features is detailed.

Kernel name Used in Creator Executable
format
(also see
section
below)		 Type Integrated firewall SMP support Multiple architecture
support
(also see
section below).		 Multitasking Virtualization Security Profiling/Debugging Soft real-time support Hard real-time support Can keep RTC in UT[2]
Agnix   {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Amiga Exec AmigaOS Commodore International HUNK Exokernel (atypical)[3] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Amiga Exec SG (2nd Generation) AmigaOS 4 Hyperion Entertainment ELF/HUNK Exokernel (atypical) {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}}
DragonFly BSD kernel DragonFly BSD Matt Dillon ELF hybridIpfirewall,
PF}}		 {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}}chroot, jail, vkernel}}Unix permissions}}DDB, KGDB}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
FreeBSD kernel FreeBSD,

Debian GNU/kFreeBSD,

Gentoo/FreeBSD,

Orbis OS		 The FreeBSD Project ELF, others - platform dependent monolithicIPFilter, Ipfirewall,
PF}}		 {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}chroot, jail, bhyve}}Unix permissions, POSIX.1e and NFSv4 ACLs,[4] Capsicum, TrustedBSD MAC, OpenBSM}}KDB, DDB, KGDB, DTrace, hwpmc}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}}
GNU Hurd   GNU/Hurd (Arch Hurd, Debian GNU/Hurd) GNU Project/Free Software Foundation ELFhttps://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/multiserver_microkernel.html|multiserver microkernel}} {{no}}https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html|partial}} {{no}} {{yes}}chroot, Xen}}Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, POSIX Capabilities}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
GNU Mach [https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/gnumach.html] part of GNU Hurd, used in GNU/Hurd GNU Project/Free Software Foundation ELF microkernel {{no}}https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html|partial}} {{no}} {{yes}}chroot, Xen}}Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, POSIX Capabilities}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Inferno kernel Inferno Bell Labs / Vita Nuova Holdings {{dunno}} virtual machine {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}chroot, Xen}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
L4 L4 Jochen Liedtke {{no}} microkernel {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}Afterburner/L4  , Marzipan  , capabilities in L4/Fiasco[5]}}L4/Fiasco[5]}}L4/Fiasco[5]}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Linux kernel [https://www.kernel.org/] Linux, Android, webOS, Firefox OS, Chrome OS, Syllable Server, Mastodon Linux, OpenBSD/Linux, Plan 9/Linux, Sailfish OS, Tizen, others Linus Torvalds ELF, others monolithic*ipfwadm (2.0 –)
  • ipchains (2.2 –)
  • Netfilter (2.4 – 3.x)
  • nftables (3.13 –)}}
 {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}cgroups, chroot, Lguest, Xen, KVM, kvm-lite, LXC}}Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, POSIX Capabilities, keyctl, LSM(SELinux, SMACK, TOMOYO Linux, AppArmor)}}OProfile, kprobe, SystemTap, JProbe, ftrace, KDB, KGDB, kernel marker, perf tools}}CONFIG_PREEMPT}}(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT Patch)}} {{yes}}
Compute Node Linux Compute Node Linux Cray Inc. {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Mach   NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP for Mach and Tru64 UNIX Carnegie Mellon University Mach-O microkernel, hybrid kernel {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
MINIX 3 kernel   MINIX 3 Andrew S. Tanenbaum ELF,[6] a.out[7][8] microkernel {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}}Unix permissions}}Call profiling, statistical profiling, Minix Debugger (mdb)}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}}
MkLinux   {{dunno}} OSF Research Institute and Apple Computer {{dunno}} microkernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
NetBSD kernel NetBSD,

GNU/kNetBSD (Debian GNU/NetBSD),

 The NetBSD Project ELF, others - platform dependent monolithic, anykernel using rump kernel architectureIPFilter, PF, NPF}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}Xen, chroot}}kauth, Unix permissions}}DDB, KGDB, tprof}}POSIX real-time scheduling extensions}}Kernel preemption}} [9] {{dunno}}
NetWare kernel NetWare Novell NLM hybrid {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
OpenBSD kernel OpenBSD OpenBSD developers ELF, others - platform dependent monolithicPF}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}}Unix permissions}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
OS/2 kernel OS/2 version 2 and above IBM LX hybrid {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} PowerPC version developed but never officially released. {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{dunno}}
Plan 9 kernel Plan 9 from Bell Labs Bell Labs {{dunno}} hybridipmux}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
ReactOS kernel ReactOS ReactOS Foundation PE, others? hybrid {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Rockbox kernel Rockbox The Rockbox Project {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
SunOS kernel SunOS Sun Microsystems a.out
 monolithic {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}}Unix permissions}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Solaris kernel Solaris,

OpenSolaris,

GNU/kOpenSolaris (Nexenta OS)

 Sun Microsystems ELF (32-bit only until
Solaris 7 in 1998)		 monolithicIPFilter}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}Zones, chroot}}Unix permissions, ACL, RBAC, Auditing, Privileges, Zones, Trusted Extensions}}DTrace, CPU profiling, microstate accounting, perf counters, kernel lock stats, kstats, mdb, kmdb}}Real-time scheduler}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Trix kernel Trix Massachusetts Institute of Technology a.out monolithic {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Windows NT kernel   Windows NT, 2000,
XP, 2003, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows 10		 Microsoft PE, others? hybrid {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}Hyper-V}}ACL}}Event Tracing[10]}}Multimedia Class Scheduler Service}} {{no}} {{unofficial}}[11]
XNU (Darwin kernel)   Mac OS X, iOS,

OpenDarwin,

PureDarwinGNU/Darwin		 Apple Computer Mach-O hybridIpfirewall,
PF (starting in Lion)}}		 {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}chroot}}Unix permissions, NT/NFSv4 ACLs, TrustedBSD MAC, OpenBSM}}KDB, DDB, DTrace}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}}
SPARTAN kernel   HelenOS Jakub Jermar ELF microkernel {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Kernel name Used in Creator Executable
format
(also see
section
below)		 Type Integrated firewall SMP support Multiple architecture
support
(also see
section below).		 Multitasking Virtualization Security Profiling/Debugging Soft real-time support Hard real-time support Can keep RTC in UT

Transport protocol support

Kernel Name TCP UDP SCTP DCCP
DragonFly BSD kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}}
FreeBSD kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}}
Linux kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}
Solaris kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}}
Windows NT kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{dunno}}
XNU {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}}

In-kernel security

Kernel Name File access control Disable memory execution support Kernel ASLR Mandatory access control Capability-based security In-kernel key management Audit API Sandbox SYN flood protection UDP flood protection Ping flood protection Smurf attack protection Network Behavior Analysis
LinuxTraditional Unix permissions, POSIX ACL}} {{yes}} {{yes}}LSM (SELinux, SMACK, TOMOYO Linux, AppArmor)}}seccomp}}keyctl}}fanotify}}SELinux Sandbox, seccomp}}SYN cookies}} {{no}}? {{no}}? {{no}}? {{no}}
FreeBSD KernelTraditional Unix permissions, POSIX and NFSv4 ACL}} {{yes}} {{dunno}}TrustedBSD MAC}}Capsicum}} {{dunno}}OpenBSM}}Capsicum, MAC framework}}SYN cookies}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Solaris KernelTraditional Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, NFSv4 ACL}}Default}} {{dunno}}Solaris Trusted Extensions}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Windows NT kernelAccess control list}}DEP}} {{yes}}Mandatory Integrity Control}}AppContainers}} {{dunno}} {{yes}}Windows Event Log}} {{yes}}[12] {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
XNUTraditional Unix permissions, NT/NFSv4 ACL}}[13] {{yes}} {{yes}}TrustedBSD MAC}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}OpenBSM}}Apple XNU Sandbox}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

In-kernel virtualization

Kernel Name Container (no resource management, no security) Container (no resource management) Container (resource management) Paravirtualization Full virtualization User-space execution Kernel as Library Kernel as Kernel Driver Hypervisor-Enforced Kernel Partitioning
Linuxchroot}}LXC}}Virtio, Hyper-V (guest only), Xen (guest only), VMI (guest only), kvm-lite, lguest}}KVM}}UML}}(LKL)}}(coLinux)}} {{no}}
DragonFly BSD kernelchroot}}jail}} {{no}} {{no}}vkernel}} {{?}} {{?}} {{no}}
FreeBSD kernelchroot}}jail}}Virtio, Xen (guest only)}}BHyVe (KVM)}} {{dunno}} {{?}} {{?}} {{no}}
NetBSD kernelchroot}}(sysjail (discontinued))}} {{no}}Virtio and Xen}} {{no}} {{dunno}}Rump kernel}} {{?}} {{no}}
Solaris kernelchroot}}Solaris Containers / Zones}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{?}} {{?}} {{no}}
Windows NT kernelAppContainers, Job Objects, Windows Server Containers}}Hyper-V}}[https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/drawbridge/ Project Drawbridge]}} {{no}}Virtual Secure Mode, Device Guard, Credential Guard}}[14]
XNUchroot}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{?}} {{?}} {{no}}

In-kernel server support

Kernel Name HTTP FTP NFS CIFS Name server Transport-layer load balancer Application-layer load balancer 9P TLS proxy WAF Memcached server
Linux kernel(TUX web server patch)}}(TUX web server patch)}}knfsd}}(CIFSD available)}} {{dunno}}IP Virtual Server}}(KTCPVS)}}(patch available)}}SOL_TLS}}[15](Tempesta FW)}}[16](kmemcached)}}
DragonFly BSD kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
FreeBSD kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Solaris kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{Yes}} {{yes}}[17] {{dunno}} {{yes}}[18] {{yes}}[18] {{dunno}}KSSL}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Windows NT kernelHTTP.sys}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
XNU {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

Binary format support

A comparison of OS support for different binary formats (executables):

Kernel Name a.out ECOFF ELF FDPIC
ELF
binaries
(mmu less)		 flat
binaries
(superH)		 HUNK Mach-O Misc
(wrapper
based,
like
interpreters)		 PE SOM
(PA-RISC,
HP-UX)		 NLM PEF DOS COM MZ LE LX NE
Amiga Exec {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}}[19] {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
DragonFly BSD kernel {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}
HP-UX kernel {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Linux kernel {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{some}}[20] {{Yes}} {{dunno}} {{No}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
MINIX 3 kernel {{Some}}[7][8] {{No}} {{Yes}}[6] {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
NetBSD kernel {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{Yes}} {{dunno}} {{Yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
ReactOS kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{Yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Solaris kernel {{Yes}}[21] {{No}} {{Yes}}[22] {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{some}}[23] {{No}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Windows NT kernel {{No}} {{No}}Yes with WSL}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}Yes on x86}}Yes on x86}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}Yes on x86}}
XNU {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}

File system support

Physical file systems:

Kernel Acorn ADFS Amiga FFS BeFS BFS cramfs EFS ext2 ext3 ext4 F2FS FAT FreeVxFS HFS HFS+ HPFS ISO 9660 JFFS JFFS2 JFS MINIX fs NSS NTFS OCFS QNX4 FS System V FS UDF UFS XFS ZFS ReiserFS Reiser4 Btrfs HAMMER Tux3 exFAT ReFS
DragonFly BSD kernel {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}limited write}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}read only}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}
FreeBSD kernel {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}limited write}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}}read only}} {{Yes}}read only}} {{No}} {{No}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{No}}
Linux kernelYes}}
[24]		 {{Yes}}read only}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}}read only}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}}read only}} {{Yes}}limited write (only with empty journal)}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}}Yes
(Full R/W with additional userspace driver)[25]}}		 {{Yes}}Yes}}
[24]
[26]		write support?}} {{Yes}}Yes}}
[24]		 {{Yes}}both FUSE and native}} {{yes}} {{Yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}}Yes.(Requires userspace driver due to patent concerns[27])}} {{No}}
MINIX 3 kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{No}}Tools available, cannot mount}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{No}}
NetWare kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{No}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{no}}
ReactOS kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{No}} {{yes}}
[28]		 {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}
[28]		 {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}Read only}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}
[28]		 {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}Yes}}
[29]		 {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Solaris kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{no}}
Windows NT kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}Yes}}
[30]		Yes}}
[31]		Yes}}
[31]		 {{no}} {{yes}} {{dunno}}Yes}}
[32]		Yes}}
[32]		 {{no}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}Yes}}
[29]		 {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}}
XNU {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}Yes}}
[33]		Yes}}
[33]		 {{No}} {{no}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}}Read-Only}} {{No}} {{No}} {{No}} {{Yes}} {{Yes}} {{No}}read only}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}}

Networked file system support

Kernel Name NFS AFS CIFS Coda 9P Ceph
DragonFly BSD kernel {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
FreeBSD kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}}
Linux kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}
Solaris kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Windows NT kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
XNU {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}

Supported CPU instruction sets and microarchitectures

{{See also|List of Linux-supported computer architectures}}
kernelHP Softbank/ARM Holdings IntelTallwood MIPS IBM Renesas Electronics OracleNXPAnalog Devices XilinxCadence Canon/Axis Comm.Socionext Microchip/
Atmel		CML/ HyperstoneIntel/AlteraWDCSunplus TechnologyMellanox TI
VAXAlphaPA-RISCARMx86i960IA-64MIPSPowerPCS/390z/ArchH8300M16CM32R78KV850SuperHSPARCm68kBlackfin (no-mmu)MicroBlazeXtensaETRAX CRISFR-VMN10300AVR32E1 (no-mmu)Nios (no-mmu)Nios IIWDC 65C816S+coreTileraC6X
mmu no-mmu x86 x86-64 mmu no-mmu 32-bit 64-bit mmu no-mmu 32-bit 64-bit no-mmu mmu no-mmu mmu no-mmu mmu no-mmu
DragonFly BSD kernel{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
FreeBSD kernel{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
Linux kernel{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{No}}{{Yes2}}2.6 and below only{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{Yes2}}4.12 and below only{{No}}{{No}}{{yes}}{{yes}}{{No}}{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{Yes2}}4.16 and below only[34]{{Yes}}
MINIX 3 kernel{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}In progress{{No}}{{No}}In progress{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
NetBSD kernel{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{no}}[35]{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{no}}[35]{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{no}}[35]{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{no}}[35]{{Yes}}{{no}}[35]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
NetWare kernel{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
OpenBSD kernel{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
Rockbox kernel{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
Solaris kernel{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
Windows NT kernel{{No}}{{Yes2}}NT 5.0 RC1 and below only{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes2}}XP and 2003-2008 R2 only{{Yes2}}NT 4.0 and below only{{No}}{{Yes2}}NT 3.51 and NT 4.0 only{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
Windows CE kernel{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
XNU{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
SPARTAN kernel{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{No}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}
FreeRTOS kernel{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}[60]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}[60]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{No}}{{yes}}[36]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}[36]{{yes}}[36]{{dunno}}{{yes}}[36]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}[36]{{yes}}[36]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}[36]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{yes}}[36]{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}{{dunno}}

== Supported GPU processors ==

Kernel name Intel NVIDIA AMD ARM Qualcomm Imagination Technologies Broadcom VeriSilicon
Intel HD/Iris Graphics GeForce/Quadro/Tesla Radeon Mali Adreno PowerVR VideoCore4 Vivante
Linux kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}}Etnaviv}}
Windows NT kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{?}}Windows RT}} {{?}} {{?}} {{?}}
XNUvia I/O Kit (macOS only)}} {{no}} {{no}}via I/O Kit (iOS only)}} {{no}} {{no}}

Supported kernel execution environment

Kernel name Linux Darwin Windows NT FreeBSD NetBSD Solaris OSF/1 Amiga Unix SunOS BSD/OS IBCS2 systems IRIX Ultrix NDIS SVR4
FreeBSD kernel {{yes}}[37] {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}}[37] {{yes}}[37]
Linux kernel {{yes}} {{no}}(Longene)}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
NetBSD kernel {{yes}}[38] {{no}}?  ? {{no}}?  ? {{yes}}[38] {{yes}} {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}[38] {{yes}}   {{yes}}
OpenBSD kernel {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{yes}}
Windows NT kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
ReactOS kernel {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
XNU {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Kernel name Linux Darwin Windows NT FreeBSD NetBSD Solaris OSF/1 Amiga Unix SunOS BSD/OS IBCS2 systems IRIX Ultrix NDIS SVR4

Supported cipher algorithms

This may be usable on some situations like file system encrypting.

Kernel name DES AES Blowfish Triple DES Serpent Twofish CAST-128 DES-X IDEA RC2 RC5 SEED Skipjack TEA XTEA CAST-256 RC4 Camellia Anubis KHAZAD Salsa20 FCrypt
DragonFly BSD kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
FreeBSD kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
Linux {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}}
Windows NT kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}
macOS XNU Kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Kernel nameDES AES Blowfish Triple DES Serpent Twofish CAST-128 DES-X IDEA RC2 RC5 SEED Skipjack TEA XTEA CAST-256 RC4 Camellia Anubis KHAZAD Salsa20 FCrypt

Supported compression algorithms

This may be usable on some situations like compression file system.

Kernel name Deflate zlib LZO LZJB gzip
Linux {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{yes}}
Solaris kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}}

Supported message digest algorithms

Kernel name CRC-32 (IEEE) CRC32c MD2 MD4 MD5 SHA-1 SHA-2 SHA-3 Michael MIC Poly1305 RIPEMD-128 RIPEMD-160 RIPEMD-256 RIPEMD-320 Tiger Whirlpool HMAC MDC2 GOST LASH VMAC
Linux {{yes}}[39][40] {{yes}}[41]

| {{no}}

 {{yes}}[42] {{yes}}[43]| {{yes}}[44] {{yes}}[45] {{partial}}[46]| {{yes}}[47]| {{yes}}[48] {{yes}}[49] {{yes}}[50] {{yes}}[51] {{yes}}[52] {{yes}}[53] {{yes}}[54]| {{yes}}[55] {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}| {{yes}}[56]
Solaris kernel

| {{yes}}

 {{yes}}

| {{yes}}

 {{yes}} {{yes}}

| {{yes}}

 {{yes}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

 {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

| {{yes}}

 {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

Windows NT kernel

| {{dunno}}

 {{dunno}}

| {{yes}}

 {{yes}} {{yes}}

| {{yes}}

 {{yes}} {{dunno}}

| {{no}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{no}}

 {{no}} {{no}} {{no}}

| {{no}}

 {{no}} {{yes}} {{no}} {{no}}

| {{no}}

| {{dunno}}

FreeBSD kernel {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}}

| {{yes}}

 {{yes}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

 {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

| {{yes}}

 {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

XNU kernel {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}}

| {{yes}}

 {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

 {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

 {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

| {{dunno}}

Kernel name CRC-32 (IEEE) CRC32c MD2 MD4 MD5 SHA-1 SHA-2 SHA-3 Michael MIC Poly1305 RIPEMD-128 RIPEMD-160 RIPEMD-256 RIPEMD-320 Tiger Whirlpool HMAC MDC2 GOST LASH VMAC

Supported Bluetooth protocols

Kernel nameACL|Asynchronous connection-orientedSCO|Synchronous connection-orientedLMP|Link management protocolHCI|Host/controller interfaceL2CAP|Logical link control and adaptation protocolBNEP|Bluetooth network encapsulation protocolRFComm.|Radio frequency communicationSDP|Service discovery protocolTCP|Telephony control protocolAVTCP|Audio/visual control transport protocolAVDTP|Audio/visual data transport protocolOBEX|Object exchange CMTP HIDP HCRP CAPI PPP
FreeBSD kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Linux {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
macOS XNU Kernel {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{yes}} {{yes}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{no}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}}
Kernel name ACL SCO LMP HCI L2CAP BNEP RFComm. SDP TCP AVTCP AVDTP OBEX CMTP HIDP HCRP CAPI PPP

See also

  • Comparison of open source operating systems
  • Comparison of Linux distributions
  • Comparison of BSD operating systems
  • Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
  • List of operating systems
  • Comparison of file systems
  • Comparison of operating systems
  • Operating system advocacy
  • MacvsWindows

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web|title=Kernel Definition|url=http://www.linfo.org/kernel.html|website=The Linux Information Project|publisher=The Linux Information Project|accessdate=4 March 2015}}
2. ^IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT
3. ^The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
4. ^http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/fs-acl.html
5. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Fiasco microkernel - Status|url=http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/fiasco/features.html|accessdate=January 11, 2013}}
6. ^1 Supports ELF since version 3.2.0 {{cite web|title=MinixReleases|url=http://wiki.minix3.org/en/MinixReleases|work=Minix Wiki|accessdate=21 May 2012}}
7. ^1 a.out will be phased out in coming releases. {{cite web|last=van der Kouwe|first=Erik|title=Re: ~Segmentation [Was: Minix3 for sparc]|url=https://groups.google.com/group/minix3/msg/faa0560e441f32a0|work=Minix3 for sparc|publisher=Google Groups|accessdate=21 May 2012}}
8. ^1 Commit to remove a.out utils from minix; only supports running a.out now. {{cite web|last=Leca|first=Antoine|title=3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58|url=http://git.minix3.org/?p=minix.git;a=commit;h=3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58|work=minix.git|accessdate=21 May 2012}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-5/NetBSD-5.0.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 5.0}}
10. ^http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb968803%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
11. ^https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/mswish/ut-rtc.html
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/nettracer/2010/06/01/syn-attack-protection-on-windows-vista-windows-2008-windows-7-windows-2008-r2-windows-88-1-windows-2012-and-windows-2012-r2/|title=Syn attack protection on Windows Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 2008 R2, Windows 8/8.1, Windows 2012 and Windows 2012 R2|quote=SynAttack protection is enabled by default and cannot be disabled}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://samples.jbpub.com/9781284055931/9781284071276_CH04_133_170.pdf|title=Elementary Information Security, Second Edition, Chapter 4 "Sharing Files"|at=Section 4.4 "Microsoft Windows ACLs"|quote=The ACLs used in Macintosh OS X and Sun's Solaris operating system are similar to those in Windows to ensure they work well together.}}
14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/ash/2016/03/02/windows-10-device-guard-and-credential-guard-demystified/|title=Windows 10 Device Guard and Credential Guard Demystified|work=Ash's Blog|access-date=2018-03-28|language=en-US}}
15. ^[https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt] kernel.org
16. ^{{cite web|url= https://github.com/tempesta-tech/tempesta/wiki/Web-security|title=Web security - tempesta-tech/tempesta Wiki|date=October 31, 2017|publisher=Tempesta Technologies INC|accessdate=May 7, 2018}}
17. ^OpenSolaris Project Weaves CIFS Server Into the Solaris Kernel
18. ^1 Integrated Load Balancer
19. ^AmigaOS up to version 3.9 could use the ELF format for PowerPC executables and libraries through ppc.library, also known as PowerUP. AmigaOS 4, uses ELF as its native executable format.
20. ^The Linux kernel can recognize PE binaries through binfmt_misc and run them using Wine
21. ^to support SunOS 4.x binaries
22. ^including a Linux compatibility option
23. ^The Solaris kernel can PE using Wine
24. ^1 2 experimental and dangerous write support
25. ^The only supported operation is overwriting existing files, without changing the file length so a loop file on a ntfs volume can be written; better write support can be achieved through ntfs-3g, although that is a FUSE filesystem and therefore not strictly a kernel feature
26. ^write support currently broken
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://github.com/relan/exfat |title=exFAT fs on FUSE |accessdate=May 15, 2010}}
28. ^1 2 Version Status - ReactOS
29. ^1 additional driver needed - see https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs
30. ^additional driver needed - see http://www.fs-driver.org/
31. ^1 additional driver needed - see http://www.ext2fsd.com
32. ^1 additional driver needed
33. ^1 Third party module required. Mac OS X Kernel Module available here
34. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.17-Gutting-Old-CPUs |title=Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix |last=Larabel |first=Michael |date=2 April 2018 |website=Phoronix |publisher=Phoronix Media |access-date=2018-04-22 |quote="The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile"}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems
36. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [https://www.freertos.org/RTOS_ports.html Official FreeRTOS Ports], Amazon Web Services, Inc.
37. ^1 2 Linux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside...
38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NetBSD Binary Emulation
39. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/crc32_generic.c
40. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/lib/crc32.c
41. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/crc32c_generic.c
42. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/md4.c
43. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/md5.c
44. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha1_generic.c
45. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha256_generic.c
46. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/sha3_generic.c
47. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/michael_mic.c
48. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/poly1305_generic.c
49. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c
50. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd160.c
51. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c
52. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c
53. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c
54. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/wp512.c
55. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/hmac.c
56. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/vmac.c
57. ^ and

3 : Operating system comparisons|Computing platforms|Operating system kernels
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