| 释义 |
- History
- Preparation
- See also
- Footnotes
- External links
Beignets are dumplings composed primarily of cooked rice, yeast, sugar, eggs, and flour; the resulting batter is deep-fried. It is traditionally a breakfast dish, served with coffee or cafe au lait,[ and has a mention in most Creole cuisine cookbooks. Calas are also referred to as Creole rice fritters or rice doughnuts.] HistoryThe origin of calas is most often credited to slaves who came from rice-growing regions of Africa.[2][3] A 1653 French recipe, beignets de riz, lends support to a French origin as well.[4] The name "calas" is said to have come from the Nupe word kara ("fried cake").[5] According to The Dictionary of American Food & Drink, the word calas was first printed in 1880. {{Quote box
|quote = Belles calas...Belles calas,
Tou cho, tou cho, tou cho!
Madame, mo gaignin calas,
Madame, mo gaignin calas,
Tou cho, tou cho, tou cho!{{efn|"Fine rice fritters...fine rice fritters; All hot, all hot, quite hot! Madame, I have rice fritters; Madame, I have rice fritters; Quite hot, quite hot, quite hot!" This is part of a street cry several stanzas long. The street cries of calas vendors were varied and inventive.[6]}}
|source = – "Street Criers", Gumbo Ya-Ya
|width = 25%
|border = 0%
|bgcolor = lightgray
|quoted = 1
|salign = right
}}Black or Creole street vendors, typically women,{{efn|Men sold calas on occasion, one source naming Richard Gabriel, "one of the last" calas street vendors.[6]}} sold the fresh hot calas in the city's French Quarter, with the cry, "Bel calas tout chauds!" (Creole for "Beautiful calas, still hot"). These vendors, called "calas women", would sell their pastries in the early morning from covered baskets or bowls carried upon their heads.[[9]]Writers in the first decade of the 20th century refer to the increasing rarity of calas as street food.[9][11] Though not widely sold, calas continued to be made at home using leftover rice, and was a typical breakfast food in early 20th-century New Orleans.[12][5] After World War II, while the beignet remained popular, the calas became more and more obscure. From a breakfast food it evolved into a Mardi Gras and First Communion treat among Catholic African-American families.[4][5] It could be specially requested at some restaurants.[16] Through the efforts of food preservationists, interest in calas was revived and it began to appear on the menus of some restaurants.[12][18] PreparationIn early recipes for calas, rice was boiled and cooled, then yeast added to make a sponge that was allowed to proof overnight. From this a batter was made by adding eggs, sugar and a little flour for binding. Rice flour was preferable but difficult to obtain, according to Eustis. A dash of salt might be included, and a grating of nutmeg was a typical addition. The batter was dropped by spoonfuls into deep, boiling lard and fried until browned.[[9] Modern recipes reflect the changes in available ingredients, cooking practices, and taste. Baking powder is sometimes used in place of yeast; vegetable oil is substituted for lard; savory variations have been developed.[5][12]] See alsoFootnotes- Notes
{{notelist}}- References
1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=The Picayune|title=The Picayune's Creole Cook Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ve8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |date=April 2012 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-15240-0 |pages=184 |origyear=1901}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Elie |first=Lolis Eric |authorlink=Lolis Eric Elie|title=Treme: The Cookbook: In The Kitchen with the Stars of the Award-Winning HBO Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dxi_7Mi0i0C&pg=PA163|date=July 23, 2013|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-2447-6|page=163}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |last=Owen |first=Sri |title=The Rice Book |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's |year=1993 |page=334 |isbn=0-312-14132-7}}
4. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/11/03/106766092.pdf |title=The Famous Creole 'Calas' |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 3, 1907 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}
5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/10/171663336/meet-the-calas-a-new-orleans-treat-that-helped-free-slaves |title=Meet the Calas, a New Orleans Tradition that Helped Free Slaves |last=Godoy |first=Maria |date=February 12, 2013 |work=The Salt |accessdate=2014-03-03}}
6. ^1 {{cite news |last=Kayal |first=Michele |title=Sweet Rice fritters making a slow comeback in New Orleans |newspaper=Los Angeles Daily News |agency=AP |date=February 12, 2013 |url=http://www.dailynews.com/article/ZZ/20130212/NEWS/130219386 |accessdate=2017-03-05}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Nobles |first=Cynthia LeJeune |title=The Delta Queen Cookbook: The History and Recipes of the Legendary Steamboat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ww0sxtNBdcC&pg=PA79|year=2012|publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=978-0-8071-4537-1 |pages=79–80}}
8. ^1 {{cite book |editor-first1=Richard |editor-last1=Wilk |editor-first2=Livia |editor-last2=Barbosa |chapter=Red Beans and Rebuilding |last=Beriss |first=David |title=Rice and Beans: A Unique Dish in a Hundred Places |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YmUjqQN3HkC&pg=PA248|date=August 2012 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84788-904-1|page=248}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=Calas and beignets both in New Orleans to party |url=http://www.americanfoodroots.com/50-states/calas-and-beignets-both-in-new-orleans-to-party/ |website=American Food Roots |last=Kayal |first=Michele |date=February 7, 2013 |accessdate=2014-03-03}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite book|editor1=Saxon, Lyle |editor1-link=Lyle Saxon |editor2=Dreyer, Edward |editor3=Tallant, Robert |title=Gumbo Ya-ya: A Collection of Louisiana Folk Tales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1nezXt18KIC&pg=PA34 |year=1987|origyear=1945 |publisher=Pelican Publishing |isbn=978-0-88289-645-8 |pages=32–35}}
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
}}External links- {{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lku0pbdh9KE|title=Poppy Tooker: New Orleans-Style Calas}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Calas (Food)}} 5 : Louisiana cuisine|Cuisine of New Orleans|American rice dishes|Deep fried foods|Culinary dishes |