1. Debate

2. Lebanon

3. Iraq

4. Netherlands

5. See also

6. References

Confessionalism ({{lang-ar|محاصصة طائفية}} muḥāṣaṣah ṭā’ifīyah) is a system of government that is a de jure mix of religion and politics. It typically entails distributing political and institutional power proportionally among confessional communities.

Debate

Proponents of confessionalism{{Who|date=November 2009}} cite it as an effective way to secure the peaceful co-existence of diverse religious and ethnic communities by empowering each according to its "weight" in the region. However, critics point out that such a system may actually deepen conflict between ethnic groups. They argue that whichever group holds the most political power may use government to favour itself at the expense of other groups, or even to oppress rival groups. Also, as demographics change, the positions and power held by a particular group may no longer appropriately reflect the size of that group.

Debate over confessionalism raises similar issues to those facing consociationalism, of which confessionalism is one kind.{{original research inline|date=December 2010}}

Lebanon

The repartition of assembly seats on a confessional base in the Middle East was inaugurated by the Ottoman Empire (e.g. in the Ottoman Parliament) and went on in several post-Ottoman countries with reserved seats for non-Muslim (Christian) minorities (Syria, Jordan, Iraq ), or for all religious communities including Muslim subgroups and Christian churches (Lebanon). A similar system prevails in Iran for the Armenian, Assyrian, Jewish and Zoroastrian minorities.

Although it was meant to be a temporary solution "Until such time as the Chamber enacts new electoral laws on a non-confessional basis",^[1] more than eighty years later confessionalism is still the system of government implemented in Lebanon. All posts in government and seats in the legislature are apportioned amongst different religious groups according to a political agreement, as the relative demographic weight of those groups is unknown.^[2] The constitution of 1926, amended after the Taif Agreement of 1990 and the Doha agreement of 2008 specified that there should be 54 Christian deputies and 54 Muslim deputies (in practice there are 64 deputies each).^[3] Within those two groups also seats should be shared according to the demographic weight of each community.^[4]

The Lebanese constitution also guarantee segmental autonomy to 18 recognized communities in the country in domains such as education.^[5] Lebanon also presents other characteristics of confessionalism. Since 2005 Lebanese politics has been polarized around two trans-religious coalitions^[6] with the majority never able to govern alone. There is however another section of the constitution that addresses the development of outside parties not represented by popular support.

Iraq

Following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the occupying administration introduced a system where power was shared between the three main ethno-religious groups: Shi'ite Arabs, Sunni Arabs and Kurds.

The constitution of Iraq encouraged such power-sharing, due to the parliamentary system and the initial requirement for a super-majority to elect the President. Although not explicitly required in the constitution, political tradition has continued to date for the President to be a Kurd, the Speaker of Parliament a Sunni Arab and the Prime Minister a Shi'ite Arab.^[7]

Netherlands

In the politics of the Netherlands the term "confessionalism" refers to any political ideology based on religion.

Dutch parties usually labelled as confessionalist are the Christian Union and the Reformed Political Party, both exclusively Protestant. Less often seen as confessionalist is the Christian Democratic Appeal which has also several Muslims among its elected officials, and does not make mention of God in their stated core principles^[8] or their 2012 election platform,^[9] only mentioning their Christian roots.

There are also minor Dutch Muslim parties, e.g. the {{ill|Dutch Muslim Party|nl|Nederlandse Moslim Partij}})^[10] that has many common programmatical aims with the Christian Union^[11] and the local (The Hague) party Islam Democrats ({{lang|nl|Islam Democraten}}).^[12] In January 2008, the creation of an Islamic Democratic Party ({{lang|nl|Islamitische Democratische Partij'}}) was announced, but it appeared after a few days it was a hoax, its programme was actually an adapted copy of the programme of the Protestant fundamentalist Reformed Political Party.^{[10][13][14][15]} The only Muslim parties with political representation in the Netherlands are Islam Democrats and its splinter group Party of Unity, each with one councillor in The Hague municipal council.

See also

• Multiconfessionalism

References

• New Jersey Reform Party
• New Jersey Republican primary, 2012
• New Jersey Resources Corporation
• New Jersey Route 31 (1927–1953)
• New Jersey Royal Governor
• New Jersey's 15th Congressional district
• New Jersey's 1st congressional district special election, 2014
• New Jersey's 3rd Congressional District
• New Jersey's At-large congressional district
• New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election, 1794
• New Jersey's At-large congressional district special election, 1794
• New Jersey's At-large congressional district special election, 1795
• New Jersey's At-large congressional district special election, 1808
• New Jersey's At-large congressional district special election, 1814
• New Jersey Scenic Byway
• New Jersey Senate, 2014–15 term
• New Jersey State 9/11 Memorial
• New Jersey State Bar
• New Jersey State Board of Education
• New Jersey State Commission on County and Municipal Government
• New Jersey State Constitution
• New Jersey State government holidays
• New Jersey State Historic Register
• New Jersey State Militia
• New Jersey State Park