词条 | Confidence |
释义 |
Confidence has a common meaning of a certainty about handling something, such as work, family, social events, or relationships.[1] Some have ascribed confidence as a state of being certain either that a hypothesis or prediction is correct or that a chosen course of action is the best or most effective. Confidence comes from a latin word fidere' which means "to trust"; therefore, having a self-confidence is having trust in one's self. Arrogance or hubris in this comparison is having unmerited confidence – believing something or someone is capable or correct when they are not. Overconfidence or presumptuousness is excessive belief in someone (or something) succeeding, without any regard for failure. Confidence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy as those without it may fail or not try because they lack it and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability. ExtentTaken to an extreme, over-confidence can cause problems as evidenced by the famous author Matthew Syed and mentioned here in this reference in regard to sport.[2] Motivation theories have suggested that successful performance hinges on both skill and will.[3] Yet, even a motivated and skilled individual can fail to perform if he or she does not have a personal certainty belief that s/he can handle what it takes or what needs to be done.[1] Stajkovic (2006) argues that all three – skill, will, and confidence – are needed for action to unfold.[1] The opposite of confidence is doubt. Core confidence{{Main|Self-confidence}}Alexander Stajkovic argues that confidence is not actually an observable variable, however, confidence sits at the core of four other manifestations: Hope, Efficacy, Optimism and Resilience. [4][5] Core confidence impacts hope by allowing one to figure out what needs to be done and how to do it. It affects self-efficacy as one gains the belief that specific tasks can be completed, gives one a positive outlook (optimism), and increases the belief that one can overcome obstacles (resilience). [1]Confidence enables the potential that is already present (skill and motivation) to unfold.[4] Self-confidence does not necessarily imply "self-belief" or a belief in one's ability to succeed. For instance, one may be inept at a particular sport or activity, but remain "confident" in one's demeanor, simply because one does not place a great deal of emphasis on the outcome of the activity. When one does not dwell on negative consequences one can be more "self-confident" because one is worrying far less about failure or the disapproval of others following potential failure. One is then more likely to focus on the actual situation which means that enjoyment and success in that situation is also more probable. Belief in one's abilities to perform an activity comes through successful experience and may add to, or consolidate, a general sense of self-confidence.[6] Research by Stajkovic and colleagues revealed that confidence was a significant factor in academic performance, sales performance, satisfaction with life and job satisfaction.[4] Studies have also found a link between high levels of confidence and wages. Seemingly, those who self-report they were confident earlier in schooling earned better wages and were promoted more quickly over the life course.[7] Core confidence may also be linked to work satisfaction and plays a role in self-regulation. If there is doubt that a change can be made in response to feedback, it is unlikely the change will occur. However, if core confidence is high, the change is more likely to occur. If a person lacks core confidence, they are not likely to initiate the change needed. [4] Those who have high core confidence are more likely to set and achieve high performance goals. [1] Lack of self-confidenceLow confidence makes it less likely that a person will initiate action and more likely that a person will disengage because they doubt they can handle what needs to be done.[4] Even with skill and motivation, without confidence, goals are not likely to be met. [1] In certain fields of medical practice patients experience lack of self-confidence during the recovery period. This is commonly referred to as DSF or "defectum sui fiducia" from the Latin etymology of lack of self-confidence. For example, this can be the case after stroke whereby the patient refrains from using the weaker lower limb due to fear of it not being strong to hold their weight whilst standing or walking.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Possible explanation{{Original research|section|date=October 2018}}It is suggested that the confidence bias can be explained by a noisy conversion of objective evidence (observation) into subjective estimates (judgment), whereas noise is defined as the mixing of memories during the storing (observing/learning) and retrieval process (remembering/judgment).[8] The information-theoretic logic behind this explanation is very similar to the mechanism that can also lead to the conservatism bias, and holds that we mix true and false evidence during storage and retrieval of evidence to and from our memories. The confidence bias results because as judges we "look inside our own memory" (evaluate our confidence) and find evidence that is more extreme than when we retrieve evidence for our judgements (which are conservative due to mixing of extreme values during retrieval). This explanation is very simple and straightforward, but nevertheless sufficient mechanism to generate both, overconfidence (in situations where judges are very sure) and underconfidence (in cases when judges openly state to lack the required knowledge). See also{{Wiktionary|Confidence|confidence}}{{wikiquote}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|last=Stajkovic|first=Alex|date=2006|title=Development of a Core Confidence-Higher Order Construct|url=|journal=Journal of Applied Psychology|volume=91|number=6|pages=1208–1224|via=|doi=10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1208|pmid=17100479}} {{Narcissism}}{{Authority control}}FidoConfidenceLuottamus2. ^{{cite news|last1=Syed|first1=Matthew|title=Mourinho damned by his god complex|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/columnists/matthewsyed/article4642066.ece|accessdate=18 December 2015|publisher=The Times|date=16 December 2015|location=London|language=English}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Managerial attitudes and performance|last=Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E.|publisher=Dorsey|year=1968|isbn=|location=Homework, IL|pages=}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Stajkovic|first=Alexander D.|last2=Lee|first2=Dongseop|last3=Greenwald|first3=Jessica M.|last4=Raffiee|first4=Joseph|date=May 2015|title=The role of trait core confidence higher-order construct in self-regulation of performance and attitudes: Evidence from four studies|journal=Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes|volume=128|pages=29–48|doi=10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.02.001|issn=0749-5978}} 5. ^{{Citation|last=Wisconsin School of Business at the University of Wisconsin-Madison|title=What is Confidence?: Faculty Research from the Wisconsin School of Business|date=2015-07-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOU0BbHnQgU|access-date=2018-09-30}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Stajkovic|first=Alexander D.|last2=Luthans|first2=Fred|date=1998|title=Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Goin beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches|journal=Organizational Dynamics|volume=26|issue=4|pages=62–74|doi=10.1016/s0090-2616(98)90006-7|issn=0090-2616}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/p/national/work_space/lifelong_confidence_rewarded_in_gSNmV78QAuqjmT8Ksy3QSJ |title=Lifelong confidence rewarded in bigger pay packets |work=The Australian Financial Review |date=28 November 2012}} 8. ^Martin Hilbert (2012) "Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: How noisy information processing can bias human decision making". Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 211–237; free access to the study here: martinhilbert.net/HilbertPsychBull.pdf 3 : Emotions|Narcissism|Positive psychology |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。