| 词条 | Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage |
| 释义 |
| name = Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage | former name = National American Woman Suffrage Association Congressional Committee | image = Members of the Congressional Union 160076v.jpg | image_border = | size = | alt = | caption = | map = | msize = | malt = | mcaption = | map2 = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = | successor = | formation = April 1913 | extinction = 1916 | type = NGO | status = | purpose = "To secure an amendment to the United States Constitution enfranchising women" and to pass the ERA | headquarters = Washington, DC | location = | coords = | region_served = | membership = | language = | general = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | key_people = Alice Paul, Lucy Burns | main_organ = | parent_organization = | affiliations = | budget = | num_staff = | num_volunteers = | website = | remarks = }} The Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage was an American organization formed in 1913 led by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns[1] to campaign for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's suffrage. It was inspired by the United Kingdom's suffragette movement, which Paul and Burns had taken part in. Their continuous campaigning drew attention from congressmen, and in 1914 they were successful in forcing the amendment onto the floor for the first time in decades.[2][3] Early historyAlice Paul created the Congressional Union after joining the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and gaining leadership of its Congressional Committee.[4] The CU was initiated to assist the NAWSA Congressional Committee and its officers were part of that committee. The CU shared the same goal with NAWSA, to gain an amendment to the United States Constitution giving all women the right to vote.[5] In the beginning, the CU worked within NAWSA to strengthen the declining Congressional Committee. In March 1913, after realizing the amount of work to be done, the CU became in charge of their own operations and funding but still remained affiliated with NAWSA. In the fall of 1913, Carrie Chapman Catt of NAWSA accused the CU of insubordination and financial irregularities, allegations which she later retracted.[3] The strategies of the two organizations were conflicting and NAWSA's leadership felt threatened.[3] In December 1913, the National American Woman Suffrage Association selected a new Congressional Committee and formally cut ties with the Congressional Union.[5] InitiativeThe Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage appealed to young women with a new approach in the fight for women's suffrage, inspired by the British suffragettes.[3] Alice Paul believed women should not have to beg for their rights.[6] Paul introduced some of the militant methods used by the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain to the CU and its members.[7] These included direct actions, organizing huge demonstrations, and the daily picketing of the White House.[3][7] The CU had 4,500 members and had raised more than $50,000 in funds by 1914.[7] Over time, the efforts of hundreds of members led to their arrest and sometimes imprisonment.[5] OrganizationThe Congressional Union's headquarters were located on F Street in Washington, D.C. near the Willard Hotel in a highly visible office which they paid for themselves.[2][5] They started women's "suffrage schools" to spread awareness about their cause and held multiple meetings each day.[2] The CU was never organized by states or districts, but there were different branches of the organization in a number of states. The Washington headquarters was central to their work but they were also a mobile organization.[5] The CU published a newspaper called The Suffragist, featuring articles by prominent members including Alice Paul, Lucy Burns and Inez Milholland. The newspaper employed Nina Allender as its main cartoonist, and also published cartoons by artists such as Cornelia Barns, Boardman Robinson and Marietta Andrews.[7] CampaigningThe Congressional Union actively campaigned for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing universal woman suffrage. Following the methods used by suffragettes in Britain, the CU fully blamed the majority party for failure to advance the Federal Suffrage Amendment.[5] The majority party at the time was the Democratic Party, and Democrat Woodrow Wilson was president. Members traveled west and campaigned against Democrats in hopes of impeding their reelection. They even campaigned against Democrats who approved women's suffrage, despite criticism from the National American Woman Suffrage Association. They traveled through the west by train while using a number of tactics to increase their visibility and their whistle-stop speeches attracted the attention of reporters. Their campaign resulted in the defeat of 20 democrats who supported suffrage, much to the dismay of NAWSA.[2] National Woman's Party{{main|National Woman's Party}}The Congressional Union created the National Woman's Party at a meeting in Chicago in 1916.[2] The party included members of the Congressional Union, and Alice Paul was in charge.[2][4] A Campaign Committee was formed within the party with Anne Martin serving as chairman.[5] In 1917, the two organizations officially joined together to form the National Woman's Party (NWP) and elected Alice Paul as their chairman.[4][5] Notable Members
See also
References1. ^{{cite book | last1 = Frost-Knappman | first1 = Elizabeth | last2 = Cullen-DuPont | first2 = Kathryn | title = Women's Suffrage in America | publisher = Infobase Publishing | year = 2005 | pages = 301 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=n1R4lAb8gBMC&pg=PA419| accessdate = February 21, 2011 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5693-4}} {{Alice Paul}}{{Suffrage|state=expanded}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite book|title = A History of the American Suffragist Movement|last = Weatherford|first = Doris|publisher = The Moschovitis Group|year = 1998|isbn = 1576070654|location = Santa Barbara|pages = 197–205}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title = How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914|last = Mead|first = Rebecca|publisher = New York University Press|year = 2004|isbn = 0814757227|location = New York|pages = 164–165}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://www.sewallbelmont.org/learn/national-womans-party/|title = National Woman's Party|date = |accessdate = April 7, 2015|website = Sewall-Belmont House & Museum|publisher = |last = |first = }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite book|title = The Concise History of Woman Suffrage: Selections From History of Woman Suffrage|last = Buhle|first = Paul|publisher = University of Illinois Press|year = 1978|isbn = 0252006690|location = Urbana|pages = 424–429|last2 = Buhle|first2 = Mari Jo}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title = The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920|last = Kraditor|first = Eileen|publisher = Columbia University Press|year = 1965|isbn = 0393014495|location = New York|pages = 231–233}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url = http://spartacus-educational.com/USAWcuws.htm|title = Congressional Union for Women Suffrage|date = August 1, 2014|accessdate = March 31, 2015|website = Spartacus Educational|publisher = Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd.|last = Simpkin|first = John}} 3 : Women's suffrage advocacy groups in the United States|Alice Paul|National Woman's Party |
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