| 词条 | Consolidated P-30 | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Consolidated P-30 (PB-2) was a 1930s United States two-seat fighter aircraft. An attack version called the A-11 was also built, along with two Y1P-25 prototypes and YP-27, Y1P-28, and XP-33 proposals. The P-30 is significant for being the first fighter in United States Army Air Corps service to have retractable landing gear, an enclosed and heated cockpit for the pilot, and an exhaust-driven turbo-supercharger for altitude operation. Design and developmentIn 1931, the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, parent company of the Lockheed Aircraft Company built a two-seat single-engined fighter aircraft based on the Lockheed Altair high-speed transport as a private venture. The prototype, the Detroit-Lockheed XP-900, flew in September 1931 and was purchased by the United States Army Air Corps as the Lockheed YP-24. Its performance was impressive, being faster than any fighter then in service with the Air Corps, and an order for five Y1P-24 fighters and four Y1A-9 attack aircraft was placed for the new aircraft, despite the loss of the prototype on 19 October 1931.[1][2] The Detroit Aircraft Corporation went into bankruptcy eight days later, however, leading to the cancellation of the contract.[1][3] When the Detroit Aircraft Corporation failed, the chief designer of the YP-24, Robert J. Woods was hired by Consolidated Aircraft.[3] Woods continued to develop the YP-24, the design becoming the Consolidated Model 25, with all-metal wings replacing the wooden wings of the YP-24 and a larger tail. The Army Air Corps ordered two prototypes as the Y1P-25 in March 1932, to be powered by a Curtiss V-1570-27, fitted with a turbo-supercharger on the port side of the forward fuselage. The order for the second prototype was quickly changed to a Y1A-11 attack aircraft, omitting the supercharger.[4][5] First to fly was the Y1P-25, which was delivered to the Air Corps on 9 December 1932. It demonstrated promising performance, reaching a speed of {{convert|247|mph|km/h}} at {{convert|15000|ft|m}}, but was destroyed in a crash on 13 January 1933, killing its pilot, Capt. Hugh M. Elmendorf (whose name was later given to Elmendorf Air Base in Alaska).[4][6] The Y1A-11, armed with four forward-firing machine guns instead of the two of the Y1P-25 and racks for 400 lb (182 kg) of bombs was delivered to Wright Field on 5 January 1933. On 20 January 1933 the Y1A-11 disintegrated in midair, killing pilot Lt. Irvin A. Woodring.[7] Despite the loss of both prototypes in a week, on 1 March 1933, the Air Corps placed an order for four P-30 fighters and four A-11 attack aircraft. These production variants differed from the prototypes in having stronger fuselages, simplified undercarriages and more powerful engines.[3][8] Operational historyThe first P-30 was delivered in January 1934.[8] Testing showed that the gunner's cockpit was uncomfortable and cold at the high altitudes where the P-30 was intended to fight, while the rearward facing gunners were liable to black out when the aircraft was maneuvered.[9] Despite these concerns, on 6 December 1934, the U.S. Air Corps placed an order for a further 50 P-30As, with more powerful V-1570-61 engines driving a three-bladed variable-pitch propeller and with oxygen supplies for the crew.[10][16] Three of the four P-30s were delivered to the 94th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field in 1934. The first P-30A, by this time redesignated PB-2A (Pursuit, Biplace), made its maiden flight on 17 December 1935, with deliveries to service units starting on 28 April 1936. The last of the 50 PB-2As were completed by August that year.[16] While intended as a high altitude fighter, the PB-2 flew relatively few high altitude flights, partly because of the discomfort for the crew. One exception took place in March 1937, when a PB-2A was flown to {{convert|39300|ft|m}} before being forced to return to lower altitudes when the aircraft's controls froze.[11] On 17 October 1936, a PB-2A flown by Lt. John M. Sterling won the Mitchell Trophy air race with a speed of {{convert|217.5|mph|km/h}}.[12] Since the PB-2A was one of the few aircraft at the time to have retractable landing gear, they were frequently damaged in "wheels-up" landings when the pilots forgot to extend the landing gear.[13] One PB-2A was modified to a single-seat configuration as the PB-2A Special, to compete in a 1936 Air Corps competition for a new fighter to replace the Boeing P-26 Peashooter. It was larger and heavier than the other competitors and was much more expensive. It crashed during testing, with the Seversky P-35 being ordered into production.[21][14] One A-11 was converted to the XA-11A testbed with the new 1,000 hp (746 kW) Allison XV-1710-7 engine.[12] While the PB-2 was sturdy,[13] the two-seat fighter concept was obsolete by the time the aircraft entered service,[12] and by 1939, all had been replaced in front-line service by Seversky P-35 and Curtiss P-36 Hawk aircraft. The survivors remained in use as training aircraft until after the start of World War II, with the last being withdrawn from use on 2 June 1942.[15] Variants
Further development of Lockheed YP-24 with all-metal wing, {{convert|600|hp|kW}} Curtiss V-1570-27 Conqueror turbo-supercharged engine. Two fixed forward firing .30 in machine guns and one flexibly mounted gun in rear cockpit. One built.[6]
Ground-attack version of Y1P-25. Powered by unsupercharged engine and armament of 4x forward firing .30 in guns in nose, one in rear cockpit and up to 400 lb (182 kg) of bombs. One built.[3][7]
Proposed variant of Y1P-25 with {{convert|550|hp|kW}} Pratt & Whitney R-1340-21G Wasp radial engine. Unbuilt.[16]
Proposed variant of Y1P-25 with 600 hp R-1340-19 Wasp; unbuilt.[16]
Initial production batch for Army Air Corps. {{convert|675|hp|kW}} Curtiss V-1570-57 turbo-supercharged engine. Four built, later redesignated PB-2.[3][21]
Initial production ground-attack aircraft, with unsupercharged V-1570-59 engine. Four built.[3]
Main production fighter powered by {{convert|700|hp|kW}} turbo-supercharged Curtiss V-1570-61 engine; 50 built, redesignated PB-2A.[21]
Seventh PB-2A modified to single-seat configuration. Crashed during flight testing.
Proposed version with {{convert|800|hp|kW}} Pratt & Whitney R-1830-1 Twin Wasp engine; unbuilt.[21]
Conversion of A-11 as testbed for {{convert|1000|hp|kW}} Allison XV-1710-7. One converted.[12] Specifications (PB-2A){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Singular Two-Seater[17] |crew=two |length main=30 ft 0 in |length alt=9.14 m |span main=43 ft 11 in |span alt=13.38 m |height main=8 ft 3 in |height alt=2.51 m |area main=297 ft |area alt=27.6 m |empty weight main=4,306 lb |empty weight alt=1,950 kg |loaded weight main=5,623 lb |loaded weight alt=2,556 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |engine (prop)=Curtiss V-1570-61 Conqueror |type of prop=liquid-cooled V12 engine |number of props=1 |power main=700 hp |power alt=520 kW |max speed main=275 mph |max speed alt=239 knots, 443 km/h |max speed more=at 25,000 ft (7,620 m)[18] |cruise speed main=215 mph |cruise speed alt=187 knots, 346 km/h |cruise speed more=at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) |range main=508 mi |range alt=442 nmi, 818 km |ceiling main=28,000 ft |ceiling alt=8,530 m |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |more performance=*Climb to 15,000 ft (4,600 m): 7 min 48 s |guns=
|bombs=170 lb (80 kg) bombs }} See also{{aircontent||related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
|see also= }} References
1. ^1 Francillon 1982, pp. 114–115. 2. ^Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 262. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 Wegg 1990, p. 68. 4. ^1 Pelletier 2000, p. 2. 5. ^Angelucci and Bowers 1987, pp. 95–96. 6. ^1 Dorr and Donald 1990, p. 51. 7. ^1 Pelletier 2002, pp. 2–3. 8. ^1 Pelletier 2002, p. 3. 9. ^Dorr and Donald 1990, p. 57. 10. ^Wegg 1990, pp. 68–69. 11. ^Pelletier 2002, p. 10. 12. ^1 2 3 Wegg 1990, p. 69. 13. ^1 Pelletier 2002, p. 9. 14. ^Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 11. 15. ^Pelletier 2002, p. 11. 16. ^1 Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 96. 17. ^1 2 Pelletier 2000, p. 5 18. ^1 2 3 4 Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 97.
External links{{commons category|Consolidated P-30}}
5 : United States fighter aircraft 1930–1939|Consolidated aircraft|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Low-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1934 |
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