“Consolidation (soil)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Consolidation (soil)

释义

History and terminology
Mechanism
Consolidation analysis
Spring analogy Primary consolidation Secondary consolidation
Time dependency
See also
References
Bibliography

In soil mechanics, consolidation refers to the process by which soil changes volume gradually in response to a change in pressure. This happens because soil is a two-phase material, comprising soil grains and pore fluid, usually groundwater. When soil saturated with water is subject to an increase in pressure, the high volumetric stiffness of water compared to the soil matrix means that the water initially absorbs all the change in pressure without changing volume, creating excess pore water pressure. As water diffuses away from regions of high pressure due to seepage, the soil matrix gradually takes up the pressure change and shrinks in volume. The theoretical framework of consolidation is therefore closely related to the diffusion equation, the concept of effective stress, and hydraulic conductivity.

In the narrow sense, "consolidation" refers strictly to this delayed volumetric response to pressure change due to gradual movement of water. Some publications also use "consolidation" in the broad sense, to refer to any process by which soil changes volume due to a change in applied pressure. This broader definition encompasses the overall concept of soil compaction, subsidence, and heave. Some types of soil, mainly those rich in organic matter, show significant creep, whereby the soil changes volume slowly at constant effective stress over a longer time-scale than consolidation due to the diffusion of water. To distinguish between the two mechanisms, "primary consolidation" refers to consolidation due to dissipation of excess water pressure, while "secondary consolidation" refers to the creep process.

The effects of consolidation are most conspicuous where a building sits over a layer of soil with low stiffness and low permeability, such as marine clay, leading to large settlement over many years. Types of construction project where consolidation often poses technical risk include land reclamation, the construction of embankments, and tunnel and basement excavation in clay.

Geotechnical engineers use oedometers to quantify the effects of consolidation. In an oedometer test, a series of known pressures are applied to a thin disc of soil sample, and the change of sample thickness with time is recorded. This allows the consolidation characteristics of the soil to be quantified in terms of the coefficient of consolidation () and hydraulic conductivity ().

History and terminology

According to the "father of soil mechanics", Karl von Terzaghi, consolidation is "any process which involves a decrease in water content of saturated soil without replacement of water by air". More generally, consolidation refers to the process by which soils change volume in response to a change in pressure, encompassing both compaction and swelling.^[1]

Mechanism

Consolidation is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long-term static loads.

When stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. The magnitude of consolidation can be predicted by many different methods. In the Classical Method, developed by Terzaghi, soils are tested with an oedometer test to determine their compression index. This can be used to predict the amount of consolidation.

When stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the soil will rebound, regaining some of the volume it had lost in the consolidation process. If the stress is reapplied, the soil will consolidate again along a recompression curve, defined by the recompression index. The soil which had its load removed is considered to be "overconsolidated". This is the case for soils that have previously had glaciers on them. The highest stress that it has been subjected to is termed the "preconsolidation stress". The "over-consolidation ratio" (OCR) is defined as the highest stress experienced divided by the current stress. A soil that is currently experiencing its highest stress is said to be "normally consolidated" and has an OCR of one. A soil could be considered "underconsolidated" immediately after a new load is applied but before the excess pore water pressure has dissipated.

Consolidation analysis

Spring analogy

The process of consolidation is often explained with an idealized system composed of a spring, a container with a hole in its cover, and water. In this system, the spring represents the compressibility or the structure of the soil itself, and the water which fills the container represents the pore water in the soil.

The container is completely filled with water, and the hole is closed. (Fully saturated soil)
A load is applied onto the cover, while the hole is still unopened. At this stage, only the water resists the applied load. (Development of excess pore water pressure)
As soon as the hole is opened, water starts to drain out through the hole and the spring shortens. (Drainage of excess pore water pressure)
After some time, the drainage of water no longer occurs. Now, the spring alone resists the applied load. (Full dissipation of excess pore water pressure. End of consolidation)

Primary consolidation

This method assumes consolidation occurs in only one-dimension. Laboratory data is used to construct a plot of strain or void ratio versus effective stress where the effective stress axis is on a logarithmic scale. The plot's slope is the compression index or recompression index. The equation for consolidation settlement of a normally consolidated soil can then be determined to be:

where

δ_c is the settlement due to consolidation.

C_c is the compression index.

e₀ is the initial void ratio.

H is the height of the compressible soil.

σ_zf is the final vertical stress.

σ_z0 is the initial vertical stress.

C_c can be replaced by C_r (the recompression index) for use in overconsolidated soils where the final effective stress is less than the preconsolidation stress. When the final effective stress is greater than the preconsolidation stress, the two equations must be used in combination to model both the recompression portion and the virgin compression portion of the consolidation processes, as follows,

where σ_zc is the preconsolidation stress of the soil.

Secondary consolidation

Secondary compression is the compression of soil that takes place after primary consolidation.

Even after the reduction of hydrostatic pressure some compression of soil takes place at slow rate. This is known as secondary compression. Secondary compression is caused by creep, viscous behavior of the clay-water system, compression of organic matter, and other processes. In sand, settlement caused by secondary compression is negligible, but in peat, a soil with very high organic content, it is very significant. Due to transfer of stresses to points of contact of soil grains some of the highly viscous water between the points of contact is forced out.

Secondary compression is given by the formula

Where H₀ is the height of the consolidating medium

e₀ is the initial void ratio

C_a is the secondary compression index

t is the length of time after consolidation considered

t₉₅ is the length of time for achieving 95% consolidation

Time dependency

The time for consolidation to occur can be predicted. Sometimes consolidation can take years. This is especially true in saturated clays because their hydraulic conductivity is extremely low, and this causes the water to take an exceptionally long time to drain out of the soil. While drainage is occurring, the pore water pressure is greater than normal because it is carrying part of the applied stress (as opposed to the soil particles).

Where T_v is the time factor.

H_dr is the average longest drain path during consolidation.

t is the time at measurement

C_v is defined as the coefficient of consolidation found using the log method with

or the root method with

t₅₀ time to 50% deformation (consolidation) and t₉₅ is 95%

Where T₉₅=1.129 T₅₀=0.197

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Critical_State_Soil_Mechanics.html?id=Z-YeAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Critical State Soil Mechanics|last=Schofield|first=Andrew Noel|last2=Wroth|first2=Peter|date=1968|publisher=McGraw-Hill|language=en}}

Bibliography

{{Citation|surname=Coduto|given=Donald|author-link=|year=2001|title=Foundation Design|place=|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=0-13-589706-8|URL=}}
{{Citation|surname=Kim|given=Myung-mo|author-link=|year=2000|title=Soil Mechanics|place=Seoul|publisher=Munundang|isbn=89-7393-053-2|edition=4|language=ko}}
{{Citation|surname=Terzaghi|given=Karl|author-link=|year=1943|title=Theoretical soil mechanics |place=|publisher=John Wiley&Sons, Inc.|isbn=|URL=|page=265}}

2 : Soil mechanics|Sedimentology

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