“Constitution of Illinois”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Constitution of the State of Illinois is the governing document of the state of Illinois. There have been four Illinois Constitutions; the fourth and current version was adopted in 1970. The current constitution is referred to as the "Constitution of Illinois of 1970" or less formally as the "1970 Constitution." The document is still referred to as the "Constitution of Illinois of 1970" even though there have been amendments to it after 1970.

Convention of 1818

When statehood for Illinois was approved on April 18, 1818, the U.S. Congress approved the formation of a state constitution. An election for delegates to a state constitutional convention was scheduled for July 6, 1818. All white male U.S. citizens who had resided in the Illinois Territory for at least six months prior to the election, or whom were otherwise qualified to vote for representation, were permitted to vote. The main topics of the election were whether it was sensible to have a constitution at that time and, if so, whether to form it and how to select appropriate representatives to frame it. Madison, St. Clair, and Gallatin counties were allocated three delegates each, while all other counties were allocated two delegates each.^[1]

Delegates elected were to attend a meeting at Kaskaskia on August 3. Any record of this election has been lost and it is uncertain where the subsequent meeting was held. However, John Reynolds later noted that the meeting was largely peaceful although there were questions about how to handle slavery. Delegation members were:^[1]

Proceedings

Jesse B. Thomas was chosen president pro tempore while T. V. W. Varick was named secretary pro tempore and Ezra Owens was named doorkeeper. Thomas was later elevated to the full presidency, William C. Greenup was named secretary, and Ezra Owen was restyled sergeant-at-arms. On August 4, Elias Kane was tasked with forming a committee to estimate the population of the territory; they found it to be 40,258, although this number seems to be exaggerated. A committee was then formed of fifteen, one from each county, to frame and report a constitution. The convention met again on the 6th and approved the draft submitted by the committee. Robert Blackwell and Elijah C. Berry of the Illinois Intelligencer were given the responsibility of printing the document. John K. Mangham died on August 11. From the 13th through the 15th, the constitution was read aloud and minor changes were made. It was re-read on the 17th; to this point, there was little debate.^[1]

On August 18, the convention discussed the matter of slavery. The majority of delegates sought a compromise between the pro-slavery group and the abolitionists. Three votes were held on the matter over the remainder of the convention. Slavery was outlawed throughout most of the state, but was permitted for the Illinois Salines near Shawneetown. Furthermore, any slave currently in the state would remain a slave, though their children would become free upon reaching adulthood. Two votes were held on the seat of government, and two votes were held on the question of suffrage. The sites considered for the capital included Kaskaskia, Covington, Pope's Bluff, Hill's Ferry, and Vandalia. In its final state, most of the state constitution followed the United States Constitution, with some provisions adopted from Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, the original homes of many of the delegates. At its conclusion on August 26, 1818, the first Illinois Constitution was adopted.^[1]

Subsequent conventions

Succeeding constitutions were ratified in 1848, 1870 and 1970.^[2] Important features of the fourth Illinois Constitution include the creation of home rule powers for larger municipalities and other units of local government. The current version of the Illinois Constitution was ratified by special election on December 15, 1970,^[3] and went into effect on July 1, 1971.^[4] However, some provisions, such as the change in the dates for the election of constitutional officers, did not take effect for several years.^[5]

In 1862 a constitutional convention was held, but the changes known as the "Copperhead constitution" were not ratified by the voters.^[6] A constitutional convention was held in 1920, but in 1922 the changes were rejected by voters.^[7]

Article XIV requires that Illinois voters be asked at least every 20 years if they desire a constitutional convention.^[8] In 1988 the measure failed 900,109 votes for and 2,727,144 against the measure. 1,069,939 other voters chose neither option.^[9] In 2008, there was an effort by citizens to support a convention. Ultimately, the measure was also defeated by a wide margin,^[10] 1,493,203 votes for and 3,062,724 against from a total of 5,539,172 votes cast. 983,245 voters chose neither option.^[11]

Preamble

Summary

Article 1 is a Bill of rights and contains similar provisions as the United States Bill of Rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. It also contains items not included in the United States Constitution like section 18, which prohibits discrimination based on sex and section 19, which prohibits discrimination based on physical or mental handicaps.

Article 2, Powers of the State, describes the division of powers into executive, legislative and judicial branches.

Article 3, Suffrage and Elections, describes voting qualifications, disqualifications and other election rules. Section 1 stipulates that a person must be 18 years old and a resident of the state for 30 days to vote. Section 4 provides that the Illinois General Assembly establish rules for elections. Section 5 establishes rules for the state board of election, requiring that no political party have a majority on the board. Section 7 provides procedures to recall the Governor.

Article 4, the Legislature, provides rules for the Illinois General Assembly. Section 1 divides the assembly into two bodies, the Illinois Senate with 59 legislative districts and the Illinois House of Representatives with 118 representative districts. Section 2 describes the composition of the two bodies and section 3 describes legislative redistricting procedures. Section 9 describes procedures involving executive vetos of legislation. Section 14 describes impeachment rules. Governor Blagojevich was impeached in the House, and removed from office after a trial in the Senate, under Section 14.^[13]

Article 5, the Executive, describes rules for the six state elected members, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer.

Article 6, the Judiciary, sets up rules for Supreme Court of Illinois, the Illinois Appellate Court, and the circuit or trial courts of Illinois.

Article 7, Local Government, provides rules for county, township and city governments and provides them with a limited ability to pass ordinances.

Article 8, Finance, provides for financial matters including obligation of funds, budgeting, spending and audits.

Article 9, Revenue, provides rules for various forms of taxation and state debt.

Article 10, Education, establishes the goal of free schooling through secondary education, high school and creates a state board of education.

Article 11, Environment, grants each person the "right to a healthful environment." It sets this as public policy and the duty of individuals to ensure a healthful environment be maintained.

Article 12, Militia, sets rules for the state militia saying, "The State militia consists of all able-bodied persons residing in the State except those exempted by law." It establishes the Governor of Illinois as the commander in chief of the militia and grants authority to use the militia to "enforce the laws, suppress insurrection or repel invasion."

Article 13, General provisions, establishes rules for persons holding public office. Section 5 prohibits reducing the pension benefits of public employees after the become public employees.^[14] Section 7 provides for public transportation, allowing the General assembly to spend money to provide it.

Article 14, Constitutional Revision, describes procedures for amending the constitution of Illinois. Section one describes rules for constitutional conventions.

(Source: Southwestern Illinois College. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208194322/http://www.southwestern.cc.il.us/adultbasiced/constitution/index.htm Constitution study Guide]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071201005830/http://www.southwestern.cc.il.us/adultbasiced/constitution/lesson7.htm The Illinois Constitution].)

See also

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Richard V.|title=The Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1818|publisher=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|volume=6|number=3|pp=327–353}}
2. ^Lusk, David W. Politics and Politicians: A Succinct History of the Politics of Illinois ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw4lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA326&vq=Dement&dq=JOhn+Dement+Black+Hawk#PPA326,M1 Google Books]), H. W. Rokker: 1884, pp. 326–328, and p. 142. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
3. ^"Constitution of the State of Illinois," Illinois General Assembly, official site. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
4. ^http://www.ilga.gov/commission/lru/Intro.pdf
5. ^http://www.ilga.gov/commission/lrb/con5.htm
6. ^Illinois History Teacher, Vol 3:1 1996. Illinois Copperheads & The American Civil War {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103190220/http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1996/iht319615.html |date=2007-01-03 }}. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. 1996.
7. ^Illinois Blue Book 2005-2006. Illinois History timeline {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228163237/http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/illinois_bluebook/2005_2006/history_election_results/illinoishistory.pdf |date=2008-02-28 }}.
8. ^Constitution of the State of Illinois. Article 14 - Constitutional revisions
9. ^Proposed amendments. 1988 - Proposed call for a Constitutional Convention.
10. ^Associated Press. Voters decide against holding constitutional convention{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. November 5, 2008.
11. ^Illinois State Board of Elections. Statewide question totals: Call For Constitutional Convention {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213121/http://www.elections.state.il.us/ElectionInformation/StateQTotals.aspx?id=22 |date=2011-07-18 }} November 4, 2008.
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.gov/commission/lrb/conp.htm|title=Constitution of the State of Illinois Preamble|accessdate=2007-06-18}}
13. ^Lawmakers Did Their Job on Reform, Chicago Tribune [Chicago, Ill] 19 June 2009: 1.33.
14. ^Article XIII, section 5; In re Pension Reform Legislation, http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/Opinions/SupremeCourt/2015/118585.pdf.