| 词条 | Contrastive focus reduplication |
| 释义 |
Contrastive focus reduplication,[1] also called identical constituent compounding[1][2], lexical cloning[3][4] or the double construction, is a type of syntactic reduplication found in some languages. Doubling a word or phrase – such as do you LIKE-like him? – can indicate that the prototypical meaning of the repeated word or phrase is intended.[5] “As a rough approximation, we can say that the reduplicated modifier singles out a member or subset of the extension of the noun that represents a true, real, default, or prototype instance.”[4]The first part of the reduplicant bears contrastive intonational stress. Contrastive focus reduplication in English can apply not only to words but also to multi-word phrases such as idioms, or to word stems without their inflectional morphemes.
TerminologyContrastive focus reduplication has been called by various names in English. Early work on the construction referred to it as double or lexical cloning due to its superficial characteristics. Theoretical differences in the approach to the construction result in different nomenclatures, as there are theoretical assumptions which underlie any expression. For example, reduplication is often thought of as a morphophonological process, whereas compounding is often regarded as a morphosyntactic process. American writer Paul Dickson coined the term word word in 1982 to describe this phenomenon.[6] StructureContrastive focus reduplication features two identical - or near-identical - constituents; these constituents can be words, idioms, or phrases.[5] The left constituent bears contrastive stress, and the right-constituent bears the weight of inflectional morphology.[5][7] In EnglishContrastive focus reduplication is a form of motivated redundancy.[4] It is primarily employed as a form of repair in order to reinforce a speaker's true intended meaning.[3][1] In other languagesThis construction has been identified in German, though research suggests that the meaning of the construction is not readily understood by all speakers.[2] ExamplesThe authors of the article that defined contrastive focus reduplication collected a corpus of examples in English.[5][8] These include:
The poem "After the Funeral"[10] by Billy Collins contains many examples of contrastive focus reduplication. See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Hohenhaus|first=Peter|date=2004|title=Identical Constituent Compounding – a Corpus-based Study|journal=Folia Linguistica|volume=38|issue=3–4|doi=10.1515/flin.2004.38.3-4.297|issn=0165-4004}} 2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Finkbeiner|first=Rita|date=October 2014|title=Identical constituent compounds in German|journal=Word Structure|volume=7|issue=2|pages=182–213|doi=10.3366/word.2014.0065|issn=1750-1245}} 3. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=Yan|date=September 2015|title=Lexical cloning in English: A neo-Gricean lexical pragmatic analysis|journal=Journal of Pragmatics|volume=86|pages=80–85|doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.005|issn=0378-2166}} 4. ^1 2 Horn, L. (1993). Economy and redundancy in a dualistic model of natural language. SKY: The Linguistic Association of Finland. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last1=Ghomeshi|first1=Jila|last2=Jackendoff|first2=Ray|last3=Rosen|first3=Nicole|last4=Russell|first4=Kevin|year=2004|title=Contrastive focus reduplication in English (the salad-salad paper)|journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory|volume=22|issue=2|pages=307–357|url=https://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/jackendoff/papers/salad-salad.pdf|accessdate=17 January 2017|doi=10.1023/B:NALA.0000015789.98638.f9}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language|last=McArthur|first=Tom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-19-214183-5|page=1127}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Song|first=Myounghyoun|last2=Lee|first2=Chungmin|date=2015-04-03|title=CF-reduplication in English: Dynamic Prototypes & Contrastive Focus Effects|journal=Semantics and Linguistic Theory|pages=444|doi=10.3765/salt.v0i0.2590|issn=2163-5951}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/redup-corpus.html |title=Corpus of English contrastive focus reduplications|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=17 January 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004591.html |title=Contrastive focus reduplication in Zits|last=Liberman|first=Mark|date=June 11, 2007|work=Language Log}} This example from Ghomeshi et al. was used by the comic strip Zits. 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.boulevardmagazine.org/Collins.pdf |title="Elusive" and "After the Funeral" by Billy Collins |publisher=Boulevard Magazine |accessdate=2014-10-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116082112/http://www.boulevardmagazine.org/Collins.pdf |archivedate=2015-01-16 }}
2 : Reduplication|Sociolinguistics |
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