| 词条 | California quail |
| 释义 |
| name = California quail | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = California quail.jpg | image_caption=Adult male California quail in Point Reyes, CA |image2 = Callipepla californica - California Quail - XC109825.ogg | genus = Callipepla | species = californica | authority = (Shaw, 1798) | range_map = C. californica distribution.JPG | range_map_caption = Range of C. californica }} The California quail (Callipepla californica), also known as the California valley quail or valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly. Their closest relative is Gambel's quail which has a more southerly distribution and, a longer crest at {{convert|2.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}, a brighter head and a scalier appearance. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene.[2] It is the state bird of California. TaxonomySubspeciesThere are seven recognized subspecies:
BehaviorThe California quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some one to two inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. An ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some {{convert|7|–|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.[2] These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, Toyon berries are a common food source. If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. BreedingTheir breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western North America. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs. Once hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male. They have a variety of vocalizations including the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips". During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling. State birdThe California quail is the state bird of California. It was established as the state bird in 1932.[3] Gallery== References == 1. ^{{IUCN|id=22679603 |title=Callipepla californica |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} [4]2. ^Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/birds/ca_valley_quail.htm|title=California State Bird: California Valley Quail|website=Netstate.com|publisher=Nstate|date= February 11, 2014|accessdate=October 31, 2014}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|first=Robert M.|last=Zink |first2= Rachelle C.|last2= Blackwell |year=1998|title= Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)|journal=Auk|volume=115|issue=2|pages= 394–403|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n02/p0394-p0403.pdf|doi=10.2307/4089198}} }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Callipepla californica|California Quail}}{{Wikispecies|Callipepla californica}}
14 : Callipepla|Quails|Native birds of Western Canada|Native birds of the Western United States|Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands|Fauna of the Mojave Desert|Fauna of the Colorado Desert|Birds of Mexico|Game birds|Symbols of California|Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area|Birds described in 1798|Least concern biota of the United States|Least concern biota of North America |
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