| 词条 | Coparenting |
| 释义 |
The original meaning of coparenting was mostly related to nuclear families. However, since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, the principle that a child has to continue to maintain a strong relationship with both parents, even if separated, has become a more recognized right. Thus, the concept of coparenting was extended to divorced and separated parents and to parents who have never lived together.[5] Married and cohabition parentsChildren benefit from more coparenting, but the amount of coparenting varies between couples. Bryndl Hohmann-Marriott has found that the level of collaborative coparenting was higher among unmarried cohabitation parents and among those who married in response to a pregnancy, compared to married couples that became pregnant during a marriage.[6] In a shared earning/shared parenting marriage, child care is divided equally or approximately equally between the two parents. In a parenting marriage, the parents live and raise their children together in a purpose-based marriage without physical intimacy or expectation to share mutual romantic love.[7] Separated parents{{main|Shared parenting}}Post-separation coparenting describes a situation where two parents work together to raise a child even though they are divorced, separated or never having lived together. Advocates for coparenting opposes the habit to grant custody of a child exclusively to a single parent, and promotes shared parenting as a protection of the right of children to continue to receive care and love from both parents. Epidemiological studies has shown that this leads to better physical, mental and health outcomes for both younger and older children.[8][9]Elective coparentingElective coparenting, also referred to as parenting partnerships or partnered parenting, may be used as a choice by individuals seeking to have children but who do not wish to enter into a conventional relationship.[10] Coparenting by more than two adults{{see also|Kibbutz communal child rearing and collective education}}Subject to the laws of their nation of residence, more than two adults may enter into a formal agreement to care for a child together even though only two of them may be granted official legal custody in most countries.[11] The Netherlands is considering{{when?|date=March 2019}} a new law making it legal for up to four coparents to be granted official custody.[12] In one case, a family of four parents consisting of a gay and a lesbian couple care for their child based on a formal agreement.[13] ItalyThis principle of coparenting was established in Italy at the beginning of the 21st century by the Associations of Separated Parents that for years have been fighting against a culture, a social mindset, and a legislative and legal system that is discriminating among genders{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} in the conflicts between former partners, especially when children are involved. Such associations are in fact also committed to solve several problems related to separations and divorces, as international child abductions, parental alienation syndrome{{Disputed inline|Claims of gender discrimination and "parental alienation syndrome"|date=July 2014}}, and equal rights between genders in judicial separations and divorces{{citation needed||date=July 2014}}. The principle of coparenting (Italian: Principio di bigenitorialità) states that a child has always and in any case the right to maintain a stable relationship with both parents, even if they are separated or divorced, unless there is a recognized need to separate him/her from one or both parents. Such a right is based on the concept that to be a parent is a commitment that an adult takes with respect to his/her children, not to the other parent, so that it cannot and must not be influenced by any kind of separation among parents. According to article 30 of Italian Constitution, to be a parent is both a right and a duty. As a right, it cannot be constrained by the agreement of a third party, even if it would be the other parent; as a duty, it is not possible to abdicate it as well as it is not possible to abdicate any decreed right. There are some very specific issues in this type of coparenting that make being a parent or a child difficult. Organizing the child's life and activities, making sure that children receive consistent types and styles of discipline, and making sure that both parents are made aware of the issues in a child's life.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Definition of co-parent|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/co-parent|website=Oxford Living Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2 May 2018}} {{parenting}}2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ellie|first=McCann,|last2=Kjersti|first2=Olson,|last3=Eugene|first3=Hall,|last4=Maisha|first4=Giles,|last5=Stephen|first5=Onell,|last6=Rose|first6=McCullough,|last7=Jenifer|first7=McGuire,|last8=Cari|first8=Michaels,|date=October 2015|title=Children in Common: Ensuring the Emotional Well-being of Children When Parenting Apart|url=http://hdl.handle.net/11299/175941}} 3. ^Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1991. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U. Press. pg. 9 4. ^Trivers, R.L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp. 136–179). Chicago, IL: Aldine. {{ISBN|0-435-62157-2}}. 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Feinberg |first1=Mark E. |title=The Internal Structure and Ecological Context of Coparenting: A Framework for Research and Intervention |journal=Parenting |date=May 2003 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=95–131 |doi=10.1207/S15327922PAR0302_01}} 6. ^Hohmann‐Marriott B. Coparenting and father involvement in married and unmarried coresident couples. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2011 Feb 1;73(1):296-309. 7. ^Susan Pease Gadoua, [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/contemplating-divorce/201712/give-your-spouse-the-gift-parenting-marriage-year Give Your Spouse the Gift of a Parenting Marriage This Year], Psychology Today, December 10, 2017. 8. ^Michel Grangeat, Edward Kruk, Malin Bergström, Sofia Marinho. [https://theconversation.com/are-joint-custody-and-shared-parenting-a-childs-right-104277 "Are joint custody and shared parenting a child's right?"], The Conversation, October 4, 2018. 9. ^Linda Nielsen, [https://ifstudies.org/blog/10-surprising-findings-on-shared-parenting-after-divorce-or-separation 10 Surprising Findings on Shared Parenting After Divorce or Separation], Institute for Family Studies, June 20, 2017. 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Javda|first1=V.|last2=Freeman|first2=T.|last3=Tranfield|first3=E.|last4=Golombok|first4=S.|title=‘Friendly allies in raising a child’: a survey of men and women seeking elective co-parenting arrangements via an online connection website|journal=Human Reproduction|date=1 June 2015|volume=30|issue=8|pages=1896–1906|url=https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/30/8/1896/949757|accessdate=2 May 2018}} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Louise |date=15 December 2013 |title=Meet the co-parents |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/dec/15/meet-the-co-parents-modern-families |work= |location=The Guardian |access-date=2 June 2017 }} 12. ^{{cite news|title=The Netherlands may let children have more than two legal parents|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21727939-proponents-say-law-should-reflect-reality-complex-families-netherlands-may-let|accessdate=2 May 2018|agency=The Economist|date=31 August 2017}} 13. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=6 December 2016 |title=Twee moeders, twee vaders: volgt nu ook de wet? (Two mothers, two fathers: now also follows the law?) |language=nl |url=http://nos.nl/nieuwsuur/artikel/2146842-twee-moeders-twee-vaders-volgt-nu-ook-de-wet.html |work= |location=Netherlands Broadcasting Foundation, Nederlandse Omroep Stichting |access-date=2 June 2017 }} 4 : Child custody|Children's rights|Gender equality|Parenting |
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