| 词条 | Corneal collagen cross-linking |
| 释义 |
| name = Corneal collagen cross-linking | image = Cross-linking procedure, UV light source.jpg | caption = Cross-linking procedure, UV light source[1] | alt = | pronounce = | synonyms = Cross-linking, CXL, C3-R, CCL, KXL | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | CPT = 0402T | MeshID = | LOINC = | other_codes = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = }} Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin (vitamin B2) and UV-A light is a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus, PMD, and post-LASIK ectasia. It is used in an attempt to make the cornea stronger. According to a 2015 Cochrane review, there is insufficient evidence to determine if it is useful in keratoconus.[2] In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration approved riboflavin ophthalmic solution crosslinking based on three 12-month clinical trials.[2] {{TOC limit|3}}Medical usesA 2015 Cochrane review found that the evidence on corneal collagen cross-linking was insufficient to determine if it is an effective procedure for the treatment of keratoconus.[3] Adverse effectsAmong those with keratoconus who worsen CXL may be used. In this group the most common side effects are haziness of the cornea, punctate keratitis, corneal striae, corneal epithelium defect, and eye pain. In those who use it after post-LASIK ectasia, the most common side effects are haziness of the cornea, corneal epithelium defect, corneal striae, dry eye, eye pain, punctate keratitis, and sensitivity to bright lights.[4] There are no long term studies about crosslinking effect on pregnancy and lactation. According to a manufacturer crosslinking should not be performed on pregnant women.[4] CautionsPeople undergoing crosslinking should not rub their eyes for the first five days after the procedure.[4] ProcedureCorneal cross-linking involves application of riboflavin solution to the eye that is activated by illumination with UV-A light for approximately 30 or fewer minutes. The riboflavin causes new bonds to form across adjacent collagen strands in the stromal layer of the cornea, which recovers and preserves some of the cornea's mechanical strength. The corneal epithelial layer is generally removed to increase penetration of the riboflavin into the stroma, a procedure known as the Dresden protocol.[6] People that are considered for treatment must undergo an extensive clinical workup, including corneal tomography, computerized corneal topography, endothelial microscopy, ultrasound pachymetry, b-scan sonography, keratometry and biomicroscopy. HistoryThe technique was first developed in Germany in 1997 by Eberhard Spoerl and his team at the Dresden University of Technology.[7][8] Approvals and clinical trialsIn Germany, CXL has been used in patients with keratoconus since 1998,[7] and in Italy, routine interventions have been successfully performed since 2005.[9] The standard (Dresden) CXL protocol with epithelium removal, is approved for use throughout Europe. In the United States, clinical trials commenced only in 2008. Based on three 12-month clinical trials, the US Food and Drug Administration approved riboflavin ophthalmic solution and Avedro's KXL system for crosslinking on April 18, 2016, for the treatment of progressive keratoconus, and on July 19, 2016, for corneal ectasia after refractive surgery, making them the first FDA approved treatment for keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia.[2][10] ResearchResearch studying the safety and efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking is ongoing.[11] Transepithelial or epithelium-on (epi-on) cross-linking is a technique which was first performed in 2004 in the U.S.,[12] the corneal epithelium layer is left intact.[13] in this technique, because the epithelium is not removed, riboflavin loading requires more time than with epi-off techniques, and may be less effective, as keratoconus progression may be more likely in epi-on procedures.[14] Contact lens-assisted cross-linking (CACXL) may be performed for people with corneal stromal thickness between 350 µm to 400 µm after epithelial removal. in this method a pre-corneal riboflavin film, a riboflavin-soaked UV barrier-free soft contact lens of negligible power and a pre-contact lens riboflavin film are used to decrease UV irradiance to safe levels at the level of the endothelium.[15][16] Topography-guided crosslinking relies on an active eye tracker to allow a patterned delivery of UV light. Both the power and pattern can be programmed into the unit based on the topography of the individual's eyes.[17] Accelerated crosslinking would allow a shorter treatment time by delivering more energy, compared to the standard crosslinking procedure, which involves 3 mW of UVA exposure for 30 minutes.[17] References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Renesto Ada|first=C|author2=Sartori, M |author3=Campos, M |title=[Cross-linking and intrastromal corneal ring segment].|journal=Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia|date=Jan–Feb 2011|volume=74|issue=1|pages=67–74|pmid=21670914|doi=10.1590/s0004-27492011000100017}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Lowes|first1=Robert|title=FDA Approves Photrexa for Corneal Crosslinking in Keratoconus|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/862122|website=Medscape.com|date=April 18, 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Sykakis|first1=E|last2=Karim|first2=R|last3=Evans|first3=JR|last4=Bunce|first4=C|last5=Amissah-Arthur|first5=KN|last6=Patwary|first6=S|last7=McDonnell|first7=PJ|last8=Hamada|first8=S|title=Corneal collagen cross-linking for treating keratoconus.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=24 March 2015|volume=3|pages=CD010621|pmid=25803325|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010621.pub2}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=PHOTREXA VISCOUS- riboflavin 5-phosphate in 20% dextran ophthalmic solution/ drops PHOTREXA- riboflavin 5-phosphate ophthalmic solution/ drops|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f82cfe92-1a24-11e3-8ffd-0800200c9a66|website=DailyMed|publisher=U.S. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE}} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kymionis GD, Diakonis VF, Coskunseven E, Jankov M, Yoo SH, Pallikaris IG |title=Customized pachymetric guided epithelial debridement for corneal collagen cross linking |journal=BMC Ophthalmology |volume=9|page=10 |year=2009 |pmid=19715585 |pmc=2744909 |doi=10.1186/1471-2415-9-10}} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Spoerl E, Wollensak G, Dittert DD, Seiler T |title=Thermomechanical behavior of collagen-cross-linked porcine cornea |journal=Ophthalmologica |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=136–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15004504 |doi=10.1159/000076150}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=SPOERL|first1=EBERHARD|last2=HUHLE|first2=MICHAEL|last3=SEILER|first3=THEO|title=Induction of Cross-links in Corneal Tissue|journal=Experimental Eye Research|date=January 1998|volume=66|issue=1|pages=97–103|doi=10.1006/exer.1997.0410}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Spörl|first1=E|last2=Seiler|first2=T|last3=Huhle|first3=M|last4=Kasper|first4=M|title=Increased rigidity of the cornea caused by intrastromal cross-linking|journal=Ophthalmologe|date=1997|pmid=9487761|volume=94|pages=902–6|doi=10.1007/s003470050219}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Caporossi|first1=Aldo|last2=Mazzotta|first2=Cosimo|last3=Baiocchi|first3=Stefano|last4=Caporossi|first4=Tomaso|title=Long-term Results of Riboflavin Ultraviolet A Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Keratoconus in Italy: The Siena Eye Cross Study|journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology|date=April 2010|volume=149|issue=4|pages=585–593|doi=10.1016/j.ajo.2009.10.021}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Highlights of Prescribing Information: PHOTREXA VISCOUS (riboflavin 5’-phosphate in 20% dextran ophthalmic solution) 0.146% for topical ophthalmic use PHOTREXA (riboflavin 5’-phosphate ophthalmic solution) 0.146% for topical ophthalmic use For use with the KXL® System|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/203324s000lbl.pdf|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|pages=5–14}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Facts About the Cornea and Corneal Disease|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/cornealdisease|website=NEI|accessdate=6 November 2016|date=May 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Corneal Crosslinking: Epi-on or Epi-off?|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/763924|publisher=Medscape|author1=Kathryn M. Hatch |author2=William B. Trattler. |date=16 May 2012}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Spadea|first1=Leopoldo|last2=Mencucci|title=Transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking in ultrathin keratoconic corneas|journal=Clinical Ophthalmology|date=November 2012|pages=1785|doi=10.2147/OPTH.S37335}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shalchi|first1=Z|last2=Wang|first2=X|last3=Nanavaty|first3=M A|title=Safety and efficacy of epithelium removal and transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus|journal=Eye|date=3 October 2014|volume=29|issue=1|pages=15–29|doi=10.1038/eye.2014.230|pmc=4289825}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Agarwal|first1=Amar|last2=Jacob|first2=Soosan|title=Contact lens-assisted cross-linking treats corneal ectatic disorders in thin corneas|url=http://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/refractive-surgery/news/print/ocular-surgery-news/%7B4dcb4f90-22c2-4634-919d-8d61a4c113cb%7D/contact-lens-assisted-cross-linking-treats-corneal-ectatic-disorders-in-thin-corneas|publisher=Ocular Surgery News U.S. Edition|date=August 10, 2014}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Jacob|first1=Soosan|title=Contact Lens-Assisted CXL for Thin Corneas|url=http://crstoday.com/2014/03/contact-lens-assisted-cxl-for-thin-corneas|website=Cataract & Refractive Surgery Today}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|last1=HERSH|first1=PETER|title=Corneal collagen crosslinking: A clinical update|url=http://www.ophthalmologymanagement.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=110222}} External links{{Commons category|Corneal collagen crosslinking|corneal collagen crosslinking}}
1 : Eye surgery |
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