| 词条 | Cornwallis River |
| 释义 |
| name = Cornwallis River | image = | image_caption = | source1_location = North Mountain | mouth_location = Minas Basin | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Canada | length = {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = sea level | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} The Cornwallis River is in Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It has a meander length of approximately {{convert|48|km|mi}}[1] through eastern Kings County, from its source on the North Mountain at Grafton[2] to its mouth near Wolfville on the Minas Basin. The lower portion of the river beginning at Kentville is tidal and there are extensive tidal marshes in the lower reaches. In its upper watershed at Berwick, the river draws on the Caribou Bog while a longer branch continues to the official source, a stream on the North Mountain at Grafton. HistoryThe original peoples of the area, the Mi'kmaq, knew it as The Narrow River, or Chijekwtook[3] There are also references to the Mi'kmaq calling the river Jijuktu'kwejk (pronounced, "Gee-gee-wok-tuk").[4] The river was named Riviere St. Antoine[5] by Samuel de Champlain after his arrival in the New World in the early 17th Century. Later it was called the Riviere des Habitants[6] by the Acadians, who built a series of settlements around its mouth including the village of Grand-Pré and a smaller settlement further up the river at New Minas.[7] The Acadians also built extensive dykelands in the area, although there is no clear evidence that the running dykes beside the river were built by them.[8] Following the Expulsion of the Acadians in 1755, the area was settled by New England Planters in 1760 who named the river after the townships established along its banks. The river became known as the Horton River.[9] after Horton Township, the major Planter settlement at the mouth of the river, named after the ancestral home of George Montagu-Dunk, the official in charge of English settlement in Nova Scotia. However, in the 19th century, settlement and commercial growth moved upriver to the Kentville area in Cornwallis Township,[10] named after Edward Cornwallis, first governor of Nova Scotia. As a result, the river assumed the name Cornwallis River by 1829.[11] The Mi'kmaq of Annapolis Valley First Nation in Cambridge, Nova Scotia, voted unanimously in 2011 to have the name revert to what they consider to be the original, historical Mi'kmaw name for the river, the Jijuktu'kwejk.[12] Annapolis Valley First Nations Chief Brian Toney wants the name of the Cornwallis River changed. He said band members have to cross it every day and are reminded of Gov. Edward Cornwallis.[13] Cornwallis put a bounty on the scalps of natives, including women and children in 1749 during the frontier warfare that followed the founding of Halifax. The proposal has led to a debate about renaming and the portrayal of history.[14][15] TransportationThe river was an important early transportation route, connected by a portage through the Berwick area to the headwaters of the Annapolis River. Coastal schooners used landings and wharves along the river as far as Kentville[16] while larger sailing vessels and later steamships used Port Williams for agricultural and timber exports. The Cornwallis Valley Railway, a branch line of the Dominion Atlantic Railway, was named after the river in 1889, when it was built, crossing the river at Kentville. EcologyThe Annapolis Valley is an important agricultural district in Nova Scotia and depends on the river for irrigation and drainage. However heavy agricultural runoffs as well as municipal sewage have created severe pollution problems in the river. It was designated as one of Canada's ten most endangered rivers in 2002 and labelled as "little more than a farm sewer". A number of initiatives are currently underway to improve farm use of the river and upgrade municipal sewage systems along the river.[17] The communities of Wolfville, Port Williams, Kentville and Berwick all have sewage treatment facilities that discharge effluent into the river. Communities
See also
References1. ^Columbia Gazetteer, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701154002/http://www.bartleby.com/69/84/C10684.html |date=July 1, 2004 }} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Cornwallis River Headwaters map|url=http://www.cornwallisheadwaterssociety.ca/watershedinfo_map.html|website=Cornwallis Headwaters Society|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813063817/http://cornwallisheadwaterssociety.ca/watershedinfo_map.html|archivedate=August 13, 2015|df=}} 3. ^Dr. Watson Kirkconnell, (likely sourced from Silas Tertius Rand): {{cite news|last1=Ed|first1=Coleman|title=Cornwallis River — Why Not Change The Name?|url=http://www.kingscountynews.ca/Opinion/Columnists/2015-03-09/article-4070241/ED-COLEMAN-HISTORY%3A-Cornwallis-River---why-not-change-the-name%3F/1|publisher=Kings County News|date=March 9, 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Letter to Minister of Natural Resources from Daniel Paul|url=http://www.danielnpaul.com/GovernorEdwardCornwallis.html|website=Daniel Paul}} as well as in a map published by the Maritime Aboriginal Peoples Council.{{cite web|title=Map of Mi'kmaqi|url=http://mapcorg.ca/|website=Maritime Aboriginal Peoples Council}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Kentville Virtual Tour|url=http://kentville.ca/explore/virtual-tour/the-cornwallis-river/|website=Town of Kentville}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Coleman|first1=Ed|title=The Chijekwtook River – Why Not?|url=http://users.eastlink.ca/~columns/editorial/2004/e04sep24.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092140/http://users.eastlink.ca/~columns/editorial/2004/e04sep24.html|archivedate=March 4, 2016|df=}} 7. ^Town Plot - Starrs Point {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011021444/http://ns1763.ca/kingsco/starrspt.html |date=October 11, 2009 }} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Coleman|first1=Ed|title=Dykeing The Cornwallis — Early Attempts|url=http://users.eastlink.ca/~columns/editorial/1999/e99apr02.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522143546/http://users.eastlink.ca/~columns/editorial/1999/e99apr02.html|archivedate=May 22, 2014|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Haliburton’s 1829 History of Nova Scotia |url=https://archive.org/details/anhistoricaland01haligoog |website=archive.org |publisher=Joseph Howe}} 10. ^Ed Coleman, "How Kentville Became the Shiretown", Kings County News, May 22, 2015 11. ^William MacKay, "A New Map of Nova Scotia compiled from the latest surveys" (1829) published in The Mapmakers Legacy, Joan Dawson, Halifax: Nimbus (2007), p.4 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.danielnpaul.com/GovernorEdwardCornwallis.html|title=Governor Edward Cornwallis|website=www.danielnpaul.com}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Mi'kmaq want river renamed |url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/19725-mi%E2%80%99kmaq-want-river-renamed |accessdate=May 11, 2015 |work=The Halifax Chronicle Herald |date=October 8, 2011}} 14. ^{{cite news |last1=Starratt |first1=Kirk |title=Protest Held In Kentville|url=http://www.kingscountynews.ca/News/Local/2015-02-14/article-4044340/Protest-held-in-Kentville-against-continued-use-of-Cornwallis-name/1|publisher=Kings County News|date=February 14, 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Slipp|first1=Marke|title=Righting The Wrongs of Our Common Past|url=http://halifax.mediacoop.ca/story/making-right-wrongs-our-common-past/33379|website=Halifax Media Co-op|publisher=Media Co-op}} Leo J. Deveau, "Judge wrongs of history in context — and don’t erase names", Halifax Chronicle Herald, April 2, 2015 16. ^Louis V. Comeau, Historic Kentville Halifax: Nimbus Publishing (2003) p.83 17. ^Sara Keddy, "Cornwallis headwaters watershed group looking out for Upper Cornwallis improvements " {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120910030439/http://www.novanewsnow.com/article-220145-Watershed-group-looking-out-for-Upper-Cornwallis-improvements.html |date=September 10, 2012 }}, Kings County Register, June 24, 2008. External links
2 : Rivers of Nova Scotia|Landforms of Kings County, Nova Scotia |
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