| 词条 | Corral, Chile |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Corral | settlement_type = Town and Commune |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = Corraldesdearriba.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = View of Corral from the hills |image_flag = Bandera de Corral, Chile.svg |flag_size = |flag_alt = Flag |image_shield = Escudo de Corral.svg |shield_size = |shield_alt = Coat of arms |image_map = Comuna de Corral.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Map of Corral in Los Ríos Region |map_alt = Map of Corral in Los Ríos Region | pushpin_map = Chile | pushpin_map_narrow = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Chile | subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Los Ríos |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = Valdivia | coor_pinpoint = town | coordinates_footnotes = |coordinates = {{coord|39|52|S|73|26|W|region:CL-LR|display=inline,title}} | government_footnotes = [1][2] | government_type = Municipality | leader_title = Alcalde | leader_party = ILE | leader_name = Gaston Peréz González | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1894 | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = [3] | area_total_km2 = 766.7 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 61 | population_footnotes = [3] | population_total = 5084 | population_as_of = 2012 Census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = Urban | population_blank1 = 3670 | population_blank2_title = Rural | population_blank2 = 1793 | demographics_type1 = Sex | demographics1_footnotes = [3] | demographics1_title1 = Men | demographics1_info1 = 2,864 | demographics1_title2 = Women | demographics1_info2 = 2,599 | population_demonym = Corraleño | timezone = CLT[4] | utc_offset = −04:00 | timezone_DST = CLST[5] | utc_offset_DST = −03:00 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = 56 + 63 | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = Cfb | website = Municipality of Corral | footnotes = }} Corral is a town, commune and sea port in Los Ríos Region, Chile. It is located south of Corral Bay. Corral is best known for the forts of Corral Bay, a system of defensive batteries and forts made to protect Valdivia during colonial times. Corral was the headquarters of the system. Economic activities in Corral revolve around forestry, aquaculture, fishing, port services and both heritage and eco tourism. HistoryThe settlement of Corral grew out from the headquarters of the forts of Corral Bay that were built in 1645 to protect the city of Valdivia. By that time Spanish ships sailed through Valdivia River all the way to Valdivia but Corral soon took over the role of receiving major ships. With the Spanish king's Decree of Free Trade of 1778 cities in Spanish America were allowed to have direct commerce with Spain, which greatly stimulated commerce in Corral that benefited from trade routes across Cape Horn. During the Chilean Independence War Corral and Valdivia functioned together with Chiloé as a prominent royalist strongholds. In 1820 Thomas Cochrane, commanding the newly created Chilean Navy, took Corral and Valdivia by an amphibious attack. From the times of Chile's independence until the early 20th century Corral gained prominence as an important port for traffic between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean, as Chilean port were declared open to ships sailing under any state flag. After being incorporated into Chile the forts in Corral fell gradually into disuse. Since late colonial times Corral became not only the main port of entrance to the interior of Valdivia but also of Osorno that was founded in 1796. DeclineThe economic activity of Corral suffered several setbacks in the 20th century that led it to become a minor port by international and Chilean standards. The Panama Canal opened in 1914, and Valdivia and Osorno became connected to central Chile by train in 1906 and 1905 respectively. This changed the trade and human traffic circuits in the region, resulting in Corral losing most of the international traffic that anchored there, but also of the Chilean goods and human traffic that was diverted by the railroads. In 1910 after a huge investment Altos Hornos y Acerías de Corral opened in Corral the largest steel mill at that time in South America.[6] It produced high-cost pig iron using charcoal, and was labour-intensive.[7][8] The steel mill proved to be an economical failure[9] and was finally closed in 1958. The decline of Corral culminated with the 1960 Valdivia earthquake that destroyed houses, roads and port facilities. Currently (2015), there is only one pier and it is privately owned by a local company and used for shipping wood chips.[10] The maximum permissible draught is 12.20 metres.[10] DemographicsAccording to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Corral spans an area of {{convert|766.7|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} and has 5,463 inhabitants (2,864 men and 2,599 women). Of these, 3,670 (67.2%) lived in urban areas and 1,793 (32.8%) in rural areas. The population fell by 5.2% (302 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[3] AdministrationAs a commune, Corral is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Gaston Peréz González (ILE).[1][2] Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Corral is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Alfonso De Urresti (PS) and Roberto Delmastro (RN) as part of the 53rd electoral district, (together with Valdivia, Lanco, Mariquina and Máfil). The commune is represented in the Senate by Andrés Allamand (RN) and Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (PDC) as part of the 16th senatorial constituency (Los Ríos Region). {{Geographic Location (8-way)| Centre = Corral | Northwest = | North = Valdivia | Northeast = | East = Paillaco | Southeast = | South = La Unión | Southwest = | West = Pacific Ocean }} See also
Notes and references1. ^1 {{Cite web |url = http://www.municipalidadcorral.cl/ |title=Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades | accessdate=7 February 2011|language=es}} 2. ^1 {{Cite web |url = http://www.municipalidadcorral.cl/ |title=Municipality of Corral | accessdate=7 February 2011|language=es}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |accessdate=13 December 2010|language=es}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=29 July 2010 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |archivedate=11 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=29 July 2010 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |archivedate=11 September 2007 |df=dmy }} 6. ^It was the first steel mill in South America and was estimated to cost over two million US dollars. {{Cite magazine|title=First Steel Mill in South America |date=14 October 1909 |magazine=American Machinist |volume=32 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zr9MAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA670 668]}} 7. ^{{Cite book|author=Finer, Herman |year=1947 |title=The Chilean Development Corporation |location=Montreal, Canada |publisher=International Labour Office|page=30 |url=http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_NS5_engl.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811182652/http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_NS5_engl.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2015 |deadurl=no}} 8. ^The Chilean Development Corporation (CORFO) subsidized a reorganization to try to save the facility. {{Cite book|author=Butland, Gilbert J. |year=1951 |title=Chile : an outline of its geography, economics, and politics |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs |page=97}} The reorganization included an expansion to try to reach production of 29,000 tons a year. {{Cite book|editor=Prebisch, Raúl |editorlink=Raúl Prebisch |year=1954 |title=Study of the Prospectsof Inter-Latin-American Trade |location=New York |publisher=United Nations |page=101 |url=http://archivo.cepal.org/pdfs/1954/S5400005.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811191200/http://archivo.cepal.org/pdfs/1954/S5400005.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2015 |deadurl=no}} 9. ^CAP's new (built 1947 to 1950) steel mill in Huachipato was more efficient. 10. ^1 {{Cite book|author=Ian Taylor & Company|chapter=8.13 Corral |title=Port Information Chile |year=2015|page=71|url=http://www.iantaylor.com/prontus_iantaylor/site/artic/20080422/asocfile/20080422172505/port_chile.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ahyjrcDC?url=http://www.iantaylor.com/prontus_iantaylor/site/artic/20080422/asocfile/20080422172505/port_chile.pdf|archivedate=11 August 2015 |deadurl=no}} External links{{Commons category|Corral, Chile}}
4 : Communes of Chile|Populated places in Valdivia Province|Port settlements in Chile|Populated coastal places in Chile |
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