词条 | Calouste Gulbenkian |
释义 |
| name = Calouste Gulbenkian | image = Caloustegulbenkian.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1869|03|23}} | birth_name = Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian | birth_place = Scutari, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (present-day Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1955|07|20|1869|03|23}} | death_place = Lisbon, Portugal | resting_place = St. Sarkis Armenian Church, London | monuments = | residence = | citizenship = British (from 1902) Ottoman | alma_mater = King's College London | occupation = Petroleum engineer | years_active = 1895–1955 | organization = Turkish Petroleum Company Iraq Petroleum Company | net_worth = | spouse = Nevarte Essayan | children = Nubar Sarkis (1896–1972) Rita Sivarte (1900–1977) | parents = Sarkis and Dirouhie Gulbenkian | awards = | website = | signature = Signature Calouste Gulbenkian.jpg | signature_size = 175px }} Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian ({{IPAc-en|k|æ|ˈ|l|uː|s|t|_|ɡ|ʊ|l|ˈ|b|ɛ|ŋ|k|i|ə|n}}, Western {{lang-hy|Գալուստ Կիւլպէնկեան}}; 23 March 1869 – 20 July 1955) was a businessman and philanthropist of British nationality and Armenian origin. He played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development and is credited with being the first person to exploit Iraqi oil.[1] Gulbenkian travelled extensively and lived in a number of cities including Constantinople, London, Paris, and Lisbon. Throughout his life, Gulbenkian was involved with many philanthropic activities including the establishment of schools, hospitals, and churches. The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, a private foundation based in Portugal, was created in 1956 by his bequest and continues to promote arts, charity, education, and science throughout the world. It is now among the largest foundations in Europe.{{sfn|Anheier|Toepler|List|2010|p=816}} By the end of his life he had become one of the world's wealthiest individuals and his art acquisitions one of the greatest private collections.[2][3]{{sfn|Chilvers|2005|p=320}} BiographyFamily backgroundGulbenkian's family is believed to be descendants of the Rshtunis, an Armenian noble family centered around Lake Van in the 4th century AD.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=11}} In the 11th century, the Rshtunis settled in Kayseri, taking the name Vart Badrik, a Byzantine noble title. With the arrival of the Ottoman Turks, the Turkish equivalent of the name, Gülbenk, was adopted. The family had established themselves in the town of Talas and lived in the region until the mid-1800s, when they ultimately moved to Constantinople. Their property in Talas was ultimately confiscated and is currently owned by the Turkish government.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=12}} By 1860, his father Sarkis Gulbenkian was an Armenian oil importer/exporter already heavily involved in the oil industry. Sarkis was an owner of several oil fields in the Caucasus, mainly in Baku, and was a representative of Alexander Mantashev's oil company.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=18}} Sarkis Gulbenkian also provided oil to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Black|2004|p=102}} During Hagop Pasha's Directorship, and, subsequently, Ministry of the Privy Treasury under Sultan Abdulhamid II in 1879, Sarkis acquired the lucrative collection of taxes for the Privy Purse of Mesopotamia.[4] Early lifeCalouste Gulbenkian was born on 23 March 1869 in Scutari (Üsküdar), in the Ottoman Empire capital Constantinople (now Istanbul).{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=18}} He received his early education at Aramyan-Uncuyan, a local Armenian school. He then attended the Lycée Saint-Joseph French school and continued his studies at Robert College. These studies were cut short when he moved to Marseilles at the age of 15 to perfect his French at a high school there.{{sfn|Hewins|1958|p=13}} Oil businessHis father sent him to be educated at King's College London, where he studied petroleum engineering, and then to examine the Russian oil industry at Baku.[4] He graduated in 1887 at the age of 18 with a first class degree in engineering and applied sciences.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|pp=20-1}} A year later, he went to Baku to further his knowledge on the oil industry.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|pp=23-4}} Gulbenkian later wrote an article entitled La Transcaucasie et la péninsule d'Apchéron; souvenirs de voyage ("Transcaucasia and the Absheron Peninsula – Memoirs of a Journey") which appeared in the Revue des deux Mondes, a French language monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine. The article described his travels to Baku and the state of the oil industry in the region. It was eventually published as a book in 1891 in Paris.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=24}} After Hagop Pasha's appointment as the Ottoman Minister of Finance in 1887, he had Calouste prepare an oil survey of Mesopotamia.[4] To develop the oil survey, Calouste merely read travel books and interviewed railroad engineers that were surveying and building the Baghdad Railway.[4] Gulbenkian's oil survey led Hagop Pasha to believe that vast oil deposits lay in Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq), to acquire tracts of land for the Sultan's oil reserves, and to establish the Ottoman oil industry in Mesopotamia.[4] By 1895, he started his oil operation business.[4] He had to return to the Ottoman Empire, but in 1896, Gulbenkian and his family fled the empire due to the Hamidian massacres of Armenians.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=24}}{{sfn|Campbell|2005|p=74}} They ended up in Egypt, where Gulbenkian met Alexander Mantashev, a prominent Armenian oil magnate and philanthropist. Mantashev introduced Gulbenkian to influential contacts in Cairo.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|pp=24-5}} These new acquaintances included Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer.{{sfn|Campbell|2005|p=75}} Still in his twenties, Gulbenkian moved to London in 1897 where he arranged deals in the oil business.{{sfn|Tugendhat|Hamilton|1975|p=63}} He became a naturalised British citizen in 1902. In 1907, he helped arrange the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company with "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd. Gulbenkian emerged as a major shareholder of the newly formed company, Royal Dutch Shell.[5] His policy of retaining five percent of the shares of the oil companies he developed earned him the nickname "Mr. Five Percent".[6] After the royalist Ottoman countercoup of 1909, Gulbenkian became a financial and economic adviser to the Turkish embassies in London and Paris, and later, chief financial advisory to the Turkish government.[4] He was a member of a British technical team to Turkey and, later, a director of the National Bank of Turkey, which was established to support British designs.[4] In 1912 Gulbenkian was the driving force behind the creation of the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC)—a consortium of the largest European oil companies aimed at cooperatively procuring oil exploration and development rights in the Ottoman territory of Mesopotamia, while excluding other interests. The German interests would be limited to a 25% share, with a 35% for the British, and the remaining for Gulbenkian to choose.[4] So, he gave Royal Dutch Shell 25% and kept 15% for himself as "the conceiver, the founder, and the artisan of the Turkish Petroleum combine."[4] A promise of these rights was made to the TPC, but the onset of World War I interrupted their efforts. At first, the British Foreign Office supported the d'Arcy group to gain a share and replace Calouste's share, but Gulbenkian worked closely with French concerns, arranged for the French to receive the German's share as part of the spoils of victory, and, in return, the French protected his interest.[4] During the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire after the war, most of Ottoman Syria came under the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and most of Ottoman Iraq came under British mandate. Heated and prolonged negotiations ensued regarding which companies could invest in the Turkish Petroleum Company. The TPC was granted exclusive oil exploration rights to Mesopotamia in 1925. The discovery of a large oil reserve at Baba Gurgur provided the impetus to conclude negotiations and in July 1928 an agreement, called the "Red Line Agreement", was signed which determined which oil companies could invest in TPC and reserved 5% of the shares for Gulbenkian.{{sfn|Conlin|2010|p=282}} The name of the company was changed to the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929. The Pasha had actually given Gulbenkian the entire Iraqi oil concession. Gulbenkian, however, saw advantage in divesting the vast majority of his concession so that corporations would be able to develop the whole. Gulbenkian grew wealthy on the remainder. He reputedly said, "Better a small piece of a big pie, than a big piece of a small one."[7] In 1938, before the beginning of World War II, Gulbenkian incorporated a Panamanian company to hold his assets in the oil industry.[5] From this "Participations and Explorations Corporation" came the "Partex Oil and Gas (Holdings) Corporation", now a subsidiary of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation headquartered in Lisbon. Art collectionGulbenkian amassed a huge fortune and an art collection which he kept in a private museum at his Paris house. An art expert said in a 1950 issue of Life magazine that "Never in modern history has one man owned so much."[4] His four-story, three-basement house on Avenue d'Iéna was said to be crammed with art, a situation ameliorated in 1936 when he lent thirty paintings to the National Gallery, London and his Egyptian sculpture to the British Museum.[2] Throughout his lifetime, Gulbenkian managed to collect over 6,400 pieces of art.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=44}} The collection includes objects from antiquity to the 20th century. Some of the works in the collection were bought during the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings.{{sfn|Chilvers|2005|p=320}} While Gulbenkian's art collection may be found in many museum across the world, most of his art is exhibited at the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian in Lisbon, Portugal. The museum was founded according to his will, in order to accommodate and display his collection, now belonging to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Of the roughly 6,000 items in the museum's collections, a selection of around 1000 is on permanent display.[8] PhilanthropyThroughout his life, Gulbenkian donated large sums of money to churches, scholarships, schools, and hospitals. Many of his donations were to Armenian foundations and establishments. He required that proceeds from his 5% share of profits from oil should go to Armenian families. He also demanded that 5% of his workers in his oil production for the Iraq Petroleum Company should be of Armenian descent.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=49}} He established and built the St Sarkis Armenian church in Kensington, central London, England, built in 1922–23 as a memorial to his parents, to the design of the architect Arthur Davis.[9][10] Gulbenkian wanted to provide "spiritual comfort" to the Armenian community and a place of gathering for "dispersed Armenians," according to a message written by Gulbenkian to the Catholicos of All Armenians.[11] In 1929, he was the chief benefactor to the establishment of an extensive library at the St. James Cathedral, the principal church of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The library is called the Gulbenkian Library and contains more than 100,000 books.[12] Among many of his significant donations was to the Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital located in Istanbul. A large property called the Selamet Han was donated to the Surp Pırgiç foundation in 1954.[13] The property was confiscated by the state in 1974, but returned to the foundation in 2011.[14] He also helped establish a nurses' home at the hospital after selling his wife's jewelry{{sfn|Conlin|2010|p=287}} He was president of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) from 1930–1932, resigning as a result of a smear campaign by Soviet Armenia, an Armenian newspaper based in Armenia SSR.{{sfn|Conlin|2010|p=285}} He was also a major benefactor of Nubarashen and Nor Kesaria, which were newly founded settlements consisting of refugees from the Armenian Genocide.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|p=57}} Later life and deathIn 1937, Gulbenkian purchased a property near Deauville and called it Les Enclos.{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|pp=41-2}} It was a place of repose for him. Nobel prize-winning writer and friend Saint-John Perse nicknamed him the Sage of Les Enclose and remarked in a letter to Gulbenkian that Les Enclos was "the cornerstone of your work, because it is the most alive, the most intimate and sensitive, the best guarded secret for your dreams."{{sfn|Armenian Communities Department|2010|pp=42-3}} By the onset of the Second World War, having acquired diplomatic immunity as the economic adviser of the Persian legation in Paris, he followed the French government when it fled to Vichy, where he became the minister for Iran.[15] In consequence, he was, despite his links to the UK, temporarily declared an enemy alien by the British Government, and his UK oil assets sequestered, though returned with compensation at the end of the war.{{sfn|Kumar|2012|p=113}} He left France in late 1942 for Lisbon and lived there until his death, in a suite at the luxurious Aviz Hotel, on 20 July 1955, aged 86.{{sfn|Azeredo Perdigão|1969|p=21}} His wife Nevarte died in 1952 in Paris.[2] They had two children, a son Nubar and a daughter Rita, who would become the wife of Iranian diplomat of Armenian descent Kevork Loris Essayan. He is buried at St. Sarkis Armenian Church in London. Legacy and fortuneAt the time of his death, Gulbenkian's fortune was estimated at between US$280 million and US$840 million. Undisclosed sums were willed in trust to his descendants; the remainder of his fortune and art collection were willed to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian), with US$400,000[16] to be reserved to restore the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia's mother church, when relations with the Soviet Union permitted.[17] The foundation was to act for charitable, educational, artistic, and scientific purposes, and the named trustees were his long-time friend Baron Radcliffe of Werneth, Lisbon attorney José de Azeredo Perdigão, and his son-in-law Kevork Loris Essayan. In Lisbon the foundation established its headquarters and the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Museu Calouste Gulbenkian) to display his art collection. William Saroyan wrote a short story about Gulbenkian in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody. Awards
Published works
See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite book|title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.|date=2006|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=1593394926|page=817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Calouste Gulbenkian Dies at 86. One of the Richest Men in the World. Oil Financier, Art Collector Lived in Obscurity, Drove in Rented Automobile. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/21/archives/calouste-gulbenkian-dies-at-86-one-of-richest-men-in-the-world-oit.html |work=The New York Times |date=21 July 1955}} 3. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author2= |title=Solid Gold Scrooge |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810402,00.html |work=Time magazine |date=23 July 1958 |accessdate=7 May 2009 }} 4. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Cumming|editor1-first=Robert|title=My B.B...: The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Kenneth Clark, 1925–1959|date=2015|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300216068|page=526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEjCCQAAQBAJ}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Vassiliou|first1=M.S.|title=Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0810862883|pages=226–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vArc08DO9ykC}} 6. ^Norwich, J. J., & Henson, B. (1987). Mr. Five Percent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian. [S.l.]: Home Vision. {{ISBN|978-0-7800-0755-0}}, {{OCLC|31611185}}. 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=John|title=In the Trenches: Adventures in Journalism and Public Affairs|date=2012|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781462067831|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hsALOP-k6-gC]}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Premises|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/colecao-do-fundador/sobre-a-colecao/|publisher=Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (official website)}} 9. ^{{National Heritage List for England |num=1080556 |desc=Church of St Sarkis (Armenian Church), Iverna Gardens, W8|accessdate=27 October 2015}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=The London Encyclopaedia|edition=1993|author=Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert|publisher=Macmillan|page=426|ISBN=0-333-57688-8}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accc.org.uk/st-sarkis/ |title=St. Sarkis | Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain |publisher=Accc.org.uk |date=11 January 1923}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Gulbenkian Library|url=http://www.armenian-patriarchate.com/home/gulbenkian-library.html|publisher=Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (official website)|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725113727/http://armenian-patriarchate.com/home/gulbenkian-library.html|archivedate=25 July 2015|df=dmy-all}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=The State and not the ECHR, Returns Selamet Han|url=http://www.sabahenglish.com/National/2011/02/17/the_state_and_not_the_echr_returns_selamet_han|newspaper=Sabah|date=17 February 2011}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&newsId=235948&link=235948|newspaper=Zaman|date=18 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222409/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&newsId=235948&link=235948|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite journal|last1=Coughlan|first1=Robert|title=Mystery Billionaire|journal=Life|date=27 November 1950|volume=29|issue=22|pages=81–107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0sEAAAAMBAJ|issn=0024-3019}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Corley|first1=Felix|title=The Armenian Church Under the Soviet Regime|journal=Religion, State & Society|date=1996|issue=1|volume=24|url=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/24-1_009.pdf|publisher=Keston Institute|issn=0963-7494|p=25}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Gulbenkian's Will Sets Up Foundation|agency=New York Times|date=23 July 1955|page=5}} 18. ^{{cite book|author1=Academia Portuguesa da História|title=Anais|date=1980|location=Lisbon|page=373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAYXAQAAMAAJ|language=Portuguese}} 19. ^[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61126/document2012-01-24-075439.pdf official government records]. news story: {{cite news|title=Queen's honours: People who have turned them down named|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16736495|agency=BBC News|date=26 January 2012}} 20. ^{{cite news |last1=Lyall |first1=Sarah |title=In Britain, a Partial List of Those Who Declined to Be Called ‘Sir’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/world/europe/britain-releases-partial-list-of-those-declining-knighthood.html |agency=New York Times |date=26 January 2012}} Sources
Further readingFor detailed background concerning Gulbenkian and the Red Line Agreement controlling Middle East Oil see
For general background concerning the development of the petroleum industry in the Middle East see
For Gulbenkian as a collector see
External links{{commons}}
31 : 1869 births|1955 deaths|Alumni of King's College London|Associates of King's College|Fellows of King's College London|Businesspeople in the oil industry|Armenian billionaires|Armenian businesspeople|Armenian businesspeople in the oil industry|Armenian expatriates in the United Kingdom|Ethnic Armenian businesspeople|Ethnic Armenian philanthropists|British Armenians|British businesspeople|British philanthropists|British art collectors|Iraqi Armenians|Iraqi businesspeople|People of the Iraq Petroleum Company|Presidents of the Armenian General Benevolent Union|Founders of the petroleum industry|Museum founders|Armenians of the Ottoman Empire|People of the Ottoman Empire|People from Istanbul|People from Üsküdar|Collectors of Asian art|Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)|Survivors of the Hamidian massacres|Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation|St. Joseph High School Istanbul alumni |
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