“Calque”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In linguistics, a calque {{IPAc-en|k|æ|l|k}} or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language.

"Calque" itself is a loanword from the French noun calque ("tracing; imitation; close copy"); the verb calquer means "to trace; to copy, to imitate closely"; papier calque is "tracing paper".^[1] The word "loanword" is itself a calque of the German word Lehnwort, just as "loan translation" is a calque of Lehnübersetzung.^[2]

Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.

Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching.^[3] While calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language).

Types

This terminology is not universal. Some authors call a morphological calque a "morpheme-by-morpheme translation".^[7]

Other linguists refer to the phonological calque, where the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language.^[8] For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word [https://en.bab.la/dictionary/chinese-english/雷达 "雷达"] (pinyin "léi dá").

{{anchor|Loan blend}}Loan blend

Loan blends or partial calques translate some parts of a compound, but not others.^[9] For example, the name of the Irish digital television service Saorview is a partial calque of that of the UK service Freeview, translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples are: "liverwurst" (< German Leberwurst), "apple strudel" (< German Apfelstrudel).

Examples

Loan translation: "flea market"

The common English phrase "flea market" is a loan translation of the French "marché aux puces" ("market with fleas").^[10] Other national variations include:

Loan translation: "skyscraper"

An example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation in a multitude of languages is that of the English word skyscraper:

Loan translation: translatio and traductio

The Latin word translatio ("a transferring") derives from trans, "across" + latus, "borne". (Latus is the past participle of ferre, "to carry".)

The Germanic languages and some Slavic languages calqued their words for "translation" from the Latin word, translatio, substituting their respective Germanic or Slavic root words for the Latin roots.

The remaining Slavic languages instead calqued their words for "translation" from an alternative Latin word, traductio, itself derived from traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across", from trans, "across" + ducere, "to lead" or "to bring").^[11]

The West Slavic languages adopted the "translatio" pattern. The East Slavic languages (except for Belarusian and Ukrainian) and the South Slavic languages adopted the "traductio" pattern.

The Romance languages, deriving directly from Latin, did not need to calque their equivalent words for "translation". Instead, they simply adapted the second of the two alternative Latin words, traductio. Thus, Aragonese: {{lang|an|traducción}}; Catalan: {{lang|ca|traducció}}; French: {{lang|fr|traduction}}; Italian: {{lang|it|traduzione}}; Portuguese: {{lang|pt|tradução}}; Romanian: {{lang|ro|traducere}}; and Spanish: {{lang|es|traducción}}.

The English verb "to translate" similarly derives from the Latin translatio, itself derived from transferre, "to transfer": in this case, "transferred" (translatus) from one language to another.^[11] Were the English verb "translate" calqued, it would be "overset", akin to the calques in other Germanic languages.

Semantic calque: mouse

The computer mouse was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages have extended their own native word for "mouse" to include the computer mouse.

See also

Notes

1. ^The New Cassell's French Dictionary: French-English, English-French, New York, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1962, p. 122.
2. ^Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com
3. ^{{cite book |last= Zuckermann |first= Ghil'ad |title= Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |url=http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-4039-1723-X }}
4. ^May Smith, The Influence of French on Eighteenth-century Literary Russian, p. 29-30.
5. ^Foreign Words. Fowler, H. W. 1908. The King's English
6. ^[https://paulweston80.wordpress.com/2016/01/13/if-my-calqueulations-are-correct/ If my Calqueulations are Correct, Paul Weston]
7. ^Claude Gilliot, "The Authorship of the Qur'ān" in Gabriel Said Reynolds, The Qur'an in its Historical Context, p. 97
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=vP2jibCnejQC Specialised Dictionaries for Learners edited by Pedro Antonio Fuertes Olivera, p. 187]
9. ^Philip Durkin, The Oxford Guide to Etymology, sec. 5.1.4
10. ^"flea market", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fourth edition, 2000 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311115056/http://www.bartleby.com/61/77/F0177700.html |date=2007-03-11 }}
11. ^¹²Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, p. 83.
12. ^"overzetting" in Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, IvdNT

Types

{{anchor|Loan blend}}Loan blend

Examples

Loan translation: "flea market"

Loan translation: "skyscraper"

Loan translation: translatio and traductio

Semantic calque: mouse

See also

Notes

References

Sources

External links