| 词条 | Calvin Graham | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name= Calvin Leon Graham |birth_date= {{birth date|1930|4|3}} |death_date= {{death date and age|1992|11|6|1930|4|3}} |birth_place= Canton, Texas |death_place= Fort Worth, Texas |placeofburial= |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |image= Calvin Graham.jpg |caption= Seaman First Class Calvin Graham in 1942 |nickname= |allegiance= United States of America |branch= United States Navy United States Marine Corps |serviceyears= 1942–1943 1948–1951 |rank= Seaman first class – USN Corporal – USMC[1] |commands= |unit= USS South Dakota |battles= World War II
|awards= Bronze Star Medal (1+1 "V" Device) Purple Heart |laterwork= }} Calvin Leon Graham (April 3, 1930 – November 6, 1992) was the youngest U.S. serviceman to serve and fight during World War II.[2] Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the United States Navy from Houston, Texas on August 15, 1942, at the age of 12.[3] His case was similar to that of Jack W. Hill, who was granted significant media attention due to holding service number one million during World War II, but later was discovered to have lied about his age and subsequently discharged. Early lifeGraham was born in Canton, Texas, and was attending elementary school in Houston before he decided to join the navy, after his father had died and his mother had remarried.[4] US Navy, World War IIHe enlisted in the navy on August 15, 1942 and was sent to boot camp in San Diego, California, for six weeks, and afterwards was sent to Pearl Harbor at Oahu, Hawaii, where he was assigned to USS South Dakota in September.[5] USS South DakotaThe South Dakota left Pearl Harbor on October 16. On October 26, 1942, he participated in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. The South Dakota and her crew received a Navy Unit Commendation for the action. On the night of November 14–15, 1942, Graham was wounded during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, he served as a loader for a 40 mm anti-aircraft gun and was hit by shrapnel while taking a hand message to an officer.[6][7] Though he received fragmentation wounds, he helped in rescue duty by aiding and pulling the wounded aboard ship to safety.[6] He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and the Purple Heart Medal, and he and his crewmates were awarded another Navy Unit Commendation. The South Dakota returned to the east coast on December 18, 1942, for an overhaul and battle damage repairs (she had taken 42 hits from at least 3 enemy ships) in New York City, and since then, was named "Battleship X" in order to make the Japanese think she had been sunk. Graham's mother revealed his age after he attended his grandmother's funeral (he arrived the day after the funeral) in Texas without permission from the navy, for which afterwards he spent three months in a brig in Texas (he was not released until after his sister threatened to contact the newspapers). Although he had tried to return to his ship, he was discharged from the navy on April 1, 1943, and his awards were subsequently revoked.[6][8][9] The South Dakotas gunnery officer, who was involved in handling his case, was Sargent Shriver. He then worked in a defense plant as a welder instead of going back to school.[4] US Marine Corps, 1948–51Graham joined the United States Marine Corps in 1948 at age 17, but his enlistment in the Marines also ended early when he fell from a pier and broke his back in 1951.[10] Although serving in the Marine Corps qualified him as a veteran, he would spend the rest of his life fighting for full medical benefits and clearing his military service record. Post military serviceIn 1978, he was finally given an honorable discharge for his service in the navy, and after writing to Congress and with the approval of President Jimmy Carter, all medals except his Purple Heart were reinstated. His story came to public attention in 1988, when his story was told in the TV movie, Too Young the Hero. He was played by Rick Schroder.[14] In 1988, he received disability benefits and back pay for his service in the navy after President Ronald Reagan signed legislation that granted Graham full disability benefits, increased his back pay to $4917 and allowed him $18,000 for past medical bills, contingent on receipts for the medical services.[11][12] By this time, some of the doctors who treated him had died and many medical bills were lost. He received only $2,100 of the possible $18,000. While the money for the rights to his story for the movie, Too Young The Hero amounted to $50,000, 50% went to two agents and 20% went to a writer of an unpublished book about Graham. He and his wife received just $15,000 before taxes.[13] DeathGraham's Purple Heart was finally reinstated, and presented to his widow, Mary, on June 21, 1994, by Secretary of the Navy John Dalton in Arlington, Texas, nearly two years after his death from heart failure.[10][14] He was buried at Laurel Land Memorial Park in Fort Worth, Texas.[15] Military awardsGraham's decorations and military awards —as finally settled circa 1994 after intervention by Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton:
References{{Portal|Biography|World War II|United States Marine Corps|United States Navy}}1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.asp?ID=1439 |title=Veteran Tributes |publisher=Veteran Tributes |date= |accessdate=2012-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326145111/http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.asp?ID=1439 |archivedate=2012-03-26 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite news|last=Fontaine|first=Scott|title=Meet the youngest surviving WWII veteran|url=http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/38026|accessdate=June 19, 2011|newspaper=Scripps News|date=November 18, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113190843/http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/38026|archivedate=November 13, 2011|df=}} 3. ^ Veterans of Underage Military Service site Retrieved Nov. 13, 2014 4. ^1 Grossman, Ron (June 17, 1994), Chicago Tribune article Retrieved Nov. 15, 2014 5. ^Grossman, Ron (June 17, 1994), Chicago Tribune article Retrieved Nov. 15, 2014 6. ^1 2 USS South Dakota Battleship, Stories, "At 12, I Fought The Japs" Retrieved Nov. 13, 2014 7. ^King, Gilbert (December 19, 2012), "The Boy Who Became A World War II Veteran at 13 Years Old" Smithsonian.com. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2014 8. ^{{cite book | last = Breyer | first = Rick | title = The Greatest War Stories Never Told | year = 2005 | publisher = Collins | location = New York | isbn = 0-06-076017-6 | oclc = 58985926 | pages = 160–161}} 9. ^Veteran of Underage Military Service Retrieved Nov. 13, 2014 10. ^1 {{cite news |last = Saxton |first = Michelle |date = November 3, 2003 |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/lifestyles/article_98e43376-43d5-5d36-b2b6-7a477a376d74.html|title = Decades later, military veterans admit being underage when they enlisted |publisher = Northwest Indiana Times |accessdate = 2011-04-03}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://ddiekman.tripod.com/id51.html|author=Diane Diekman|date=November 1, 1995|title = Navy Memorial|publisher=Clear Lake Courier|accessdate = 2011-04-03}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=35150|title=Statement on Signing a Bill for the Relief of Calvin L. Graham|author=Ronald Reagan|date=November 10, 1988|accessdate=2011-04-03}} H.R. 610, "An Act Graham is a veteran of Navy and Marine for the relief of Calvin L. Graham, " assigned Private Law No. 100-44. 13. ^Veterans of Underage Military Service 14. ^Veterans of underage Military Service Retrieved Nov. 13, 2014 15. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10667014 Find A Grave] External links
|title=Badge of Honor: America’s child soldiers reflect on service, seek fellow veterans |work=Leatherneck Magazine |date=October 5, 2003 |accessdate=2011-04-03}}
8 : 1930 births|1992 deaths|American naval personnel of World War II|American Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War|Child soldiers|People from Canton, Texas|United States Marines|United States Navy sailors |
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