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词条 Cambodian riel
释义

  1. First riel, 1953–1975

     Coins 

  2. The Khmer Rouge, 1975–1980, 1993–1999

  3. Second riel, 1980–present

     Currently issued banknotes  Coins 

  4. Concurrent use with Foreign Currencies

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox currency
| currency_name_in_local = {{km icon}}
| image_1 =
| image_title_1 =
| image_2 =
| image_title_2 = 100,000 riels
| iso_code = KHR
| iso_number =
| using_countries = {{KHM}}
| inflation_rate = 1.4%
| inflation_source_date = [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook], 2015 est.
| subunit_ratio_1 = 1/10
| subunit_name_1 = kak
| subunit_ratio_2 = 1/100
| subunit_name_2 = sen (both of them are no longer used)
| symbol = {{lang|km|៛}}
| used_coins = 50, 100, 200, 500 riels
| frequently_used_banknotes = 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000 riels
| rarely_used_banknotes = 100,000 riels
| issuing_authority = National Bank of Cambodia
| issuing_authority_website = {{URL|www.nbc.org.kh}}
}}

The riel ({{lang-km|រៀល}}; sign: {{lang|km|៛}}; code: KHR) is the currency of Cambodia. There have been two distinct riel, the first issued between 1953 and May 1975. Between 1975 and 1980, the country had no monetary system. A second currency, also named "riel", has been issued since March 20, 1980. The symbol is encoded in Unicode at {{unichar|17DB|KHMER CURRENCY SYMBOL RIEL|html=}}.

Popular belief suggests that the name of the currency comes from the Mekong river fish, the riel ("small fish" in Khmer). It is more likely that the name derives from the high silver content Mexican real used by Malay, Indian and Chinese merchants in mid-19th-century Cambodia.[1]

First riel, 1953–1975

In 1953, the Cambodia branch of the Institut d'Émission des États du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam issued notes dual denominated in piastre and riel with the riel being at par with the piastre.[2] At the same time, the two other branches of the Institut had similar arrangements with the đồng in South Vietnam and the kip in Laos. The piastre itself was derived from Spanish pieces of eight (pesos).

The riel was at first subdivided into 100 centimes (abbreviated to cent. on the coins) but this changed in 1959 to 100 sen ({{lang|km|សេន}}). For the first few years, the riel and piastre circulated alongside each other. The first riel banknotes were also denominated in piastres.

  • First issue, 1955–56: 1 riel, 5 riels, 10 riels, 50 riels.
  • Second issue, 1956: 1 riel, 20 riels, 50 riels, 100 riels, 500 riels.
  • Third issue, 1963: 5 riels, 10 riels, 100 riels.
  • Fourth issue, 1972: 100 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels, 5,000 riels.[3] ( Unissued.)

Coins

The 10, 20 and 50 centimes of 1953 and sen coins were minted in aluminium and were the same size as the corresponding att and xu (su) coins of Laos and South Vietnam (though without the holes in the Lao coins). A 1 riel coin about the size of a U.S. nickel was to be issued in 1970, as part of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization's coin program, but was not released, perhaps due to the overthrow of the government of Norodom Sihanouk by Lon Nol.[4]

The Khmer Rouge, 1975–1980, 1993–1999

Although the Khmer Rouge printed banknotes, these notes were not issued as money was abolished after the Khmer Rouge took control of the country.

  • Fifth issue, 1975: 0.1 riel (1 kak), 0.5 riel (5 kak), 1 riel, 5 riels, 10 riels, 50 riels, 100 riels.[3]

In 1993 they printed a series of coloured banknotes for limited use on territories controlled by them.

Second riel, 1980–present

After the Vietnamese invasion in 1978, the riel was re-established as Cambodia's national currency on April 1, 1980, initially at a value of 4 riels = 1 U.S. dollar. It is subdivided into 10 kak ({{lang|km|កាក់}}) or 100 sen. Because there was no money for it to replace and a severely disrupted economy, the central government gave away the new money to the populace in order to encourage its use.

  • Sixth issue, 1979: 0.1 riel (1 kak), 0.2 riel (2 kak), 0.5 riel (5 kak), 1 riel, 5 riels, 10 riels, 20 riels, 50 riels.
  • Seventh issue, 1987: 5 riels, 10 riels.
  • Eighth issue, 1990-92: 50 riels, 100 riels, 500 riels.
  • Ninth issue, 1992-93: 200 riels, 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels. ( Unissued.)
  • Tenth issue, 1995: 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels, 5,000 riels, 10,000 riels, 20,000 riels, 50,000 riels, 100,000 riels.
  • Eleventh issue, 1995-99: 100 riels, 200 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels.
  • Twelfth issue, 2001-07: 50 riels, 100 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels, 5,000 riels, 10,000 riels, 50,000 riels.
  • Thirteenth issue; 2008-13: 100 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels, 10,000 riels, 20,000 riels, 50,000 riels, 100,000 riels.
  • Fourteenth issue; 2016: 1,000 riels, 5,000 riels.
  • Fifteenth issue; 2018: 20,000 riels.

Currently issued banknotes

  • 100 riels (2001-08-09 and 2015-01-14)
  • 500 riels (2002-04-04 and 2014-01-14)
  • 1,000 riels (2006-01-06 and 2017-10-25)
  • 2,000 riels (2008-01-03 and 2013-11-09)
  • 5,000 riels (2001-04-06 and 2017-10-25)
  • 10,000 riels (2001-04-06 and 2015-05-07)
  • 20,000 riels (2008-05-12 and 2018)
  • 50,000 riels (2001-04-06 and 2014-05-06)
  • 100,000 riels (2013-05-14)[3]
ImageValueDimensionsMain ColourDescriptionDate of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse printing issue withdrawal lapse
50 riels 130 × 60 mm Dark brown and tan Banteay Srei Dam 2002 August 29, 2002 current
100 riels 130 × 60 mm Purple, brown and green Independence Monument (Phnom Penh) School 2001 August 9, 2001 current
100 riels Orange and brown Naga (mythical snake) head, Buddha, King Father Norodom Sihanouk as a young monk Khmer statue, Wat Preah Keo (Silver pagoda), Buddha 2014 January 14, 2015 current
500 riels 138 × 64 mm Red and purple Angkor Wat Kizuna bridge over the Mekong 2002 April 4, 2003 current
500 riels Pink and gray Naga (mythical snake) head, arms, king Norodom Sihamoni Neak Loeung Bridge, Kizuna bridge over the Mekong River, monument, frieze 2014 January 14, 2014 current
1,000 riels 138 × 64 mm Brown and lilac Southern gate at Bayon Autonomous Port of Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) 2005 January 6, 2006 current
1,000 riels 146 × 68 mm Purple and blue Naga (mythical snake) head, arms, King Norodom Sihanouk Royal palace throne room, "Kinnari" (half-human, half-bird) 2016 October 25, 2017 current
2,000 riels 146 × 68 mm Green, black and yellow Prasat Preah Vihear Angkor Wat and Field Work 2007 January 3, 2008 current
5,000 riels 146 × 68 mm Green and gray King Norodom Sihanouk Bridge of Kampong Kdei (Siem Reap Province) 2001 April 6, 2001 current
5,000 riels 146 × 68 mm Violet and brown Naga (mythical snake) head, vessel, King Norodom Sihanouk wearing beret Naga (mythical snake) head, Kampong Kdei bridge (Siemreap Province), freezes, chariot 2015 October 25, 2017 current
10,000 riels 146 × 68 mm Violet, brown and blue Norodom Sihanouk Royal Palace (Phnom Penh) 2001 April 6, 2001 current
10,000 riels 146 × 68 mm Blue Naga, mythical snake; King Norodom Sihamoni Neak Pean (entwined serpents) archeological ruins of Buddhist temple on circular island in Preah Khan Baray, Angkor; stone statue of horse, Balaha 2015 May 15, 2015 current
20,000 riels 155 × 72 mm Norodom Sihamoni Angkor Wat, Four faces of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara 2008 December 5, 2008 current
50,000 riels 150 × 70 mm Violet, brown and blue Norodom Sihanouk Angkor Wat 2001 April 6, 2001 current
50,000 riels 155 × 72 mm Brown Naga (mythical snake), King Norodom Sihanouk Korker ruins, sculpture of a baby elephant 2013 May 6, 2014 current
{{Standard banknote table notice|standard_scale=Y|}}
ImageValueDimensionsMain ColourDescriptionDate of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse printing issue withdrawal lapse
1000 riels 148 × 68 mm Lilac and dark-blue Naga (mythical snake) head, Royal Arms of Cambodia, King Norodom Sihanouk Royal Palace throne room, swan-shaped float carrying Sihanouk's body 2012 January 30, 2013
2000 riels 155 × 72 mm Naga (mythical snake) head, Royal Arms of Cambodia, King Norodom Sihanouk King Norodom Sihanouk alongside two soldiers 2013 November 8, 2013
20,000 riels 155 x 72 mm Light and dark pink and gray Naga (mythical snake), king Norodom Sihamoni Banteay Srei Temple in Siem Reap province 2017 current
100,000 riels 170 × 77 mm Royal Arms of Cambodia, King Father Norodom Sihanouk, Queen Mother Norodom Monineath, Naga (mythical snake) head King Father Norodom Sihanouk, Queen Mother Norodom Monineath and King Norodom Sihamoni, stone sculpture 2012 May 14, 2013
{{Standard banknote table notice|standard_scale=Y|}}

Coins

The first coins were 5 sen pieces, minted in 1979 and made of aluminum. No more coins were minted until 1994, when denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 riels were introduced. However, these are no longer commonly found in circulation.[5]

Coins of the Cambodian riel
ImageValueDiameterMassCompositionEdgeObverseReverseYear of
Obverse Reverse first minting withdrawal
50 riels 15.9 mm 1.6 g Steel Plain/Smooth Independence Monument in Phnom Penh Year of minting in Buddhist and Gregorian calendar 1994
style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"100 riels 17.9 mm 2 g Steel Plain/Smooth Angkor Wat Year of minting in Buddhist and Gregorian calendar 1994
style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"200 riels 20 mm 2.4 g Steel Plain/Smooth 2 Ceremonial bowls (one above the other) Above this is symbol Om (in Khmer language) from which rays of light emitting Year of minting in Buddhist and Gregorian calendar 1994
style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"500 riels 25.8 mm 6.5 g Bi-Metallic; steel in center, brass in ring Segmented (Plain and Reeded edges) Royal arms of Cambodia (Lesser version) Year of minting in Buddhist and Gregorian calendar 1994
{{Exchange Rate|KHR|CNY|JPY|USD}}

Concurrent use with Foreign Currencies

In rural areas the riel is used for virtually all purchases, large and small. However, the United States dollar is also used, particularly in urban Cambodia and tourist areas. In Battambang and other areas near the Thai border, like Pailin, the Thai baht is also accepted.

Dollarization started in the 1980s and continued to the early 90s when the United Nations contributed humanitarian aid, refugees began sending remittances home, and inflation as high as 177% per year eroded confidence in the riel. From 1991-1993, the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia stationed 22,000 personnel throughout Cambodia, whose spending represented a large part of the Cambodian economy.[6]

See also

{{Portal|Cambodia|Money|Numismatics}}
  • Cambodian tical
  • Cambodian franc
  • Economy of Cambodia
{{commons category|Money of Cambodia}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Filippi|first=Jean-Michel|title=The strange adventure of the Cambodian currency|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/special-reports/strange-adventure-cambodian-currency|work=Phenom Penh Post|accessdate=16 March 2012}}
2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://mongkol.wordpress.com/2007/10/18/a-brief-history-of-cambodian-currency/# |title=A Brief History of Cambodian Currency |access-date=2010-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329132543/http://mongkol.wordpress.com/2007/10/18/a-brief-history-of-cambodian-currency/# |archive-date=2010-03-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
3. ^1 2 Cambodian Currency Collection Cambodian Currency Collection
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/3535-1_Riel_FAO-1953~1975_-_Circulation_-_First_Riel-Cambodia |title=Cambodian FAO 1 riel coin on catalog |date= |accessdate=2013-06-22}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12906831|title=Cambodia's riel survives alongside the dollar|last=De Launey|first=Guy|date=30 March 2011|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=18 March 2013}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=de Zamaroczy|first1=Mario|title=Economic Policy in a Highly Dollarized Economy|journal=IMF|date=2003|issue=219|page=3}}
{{Refbegin}}
  • {{numis cite SCWC|date=1991}}
  • {{numis cite SCWPM|date=1994}}
{{Refend}}

External links

  • Cambodian Currency Collection - Depicts every banknote issued in Cambodia
  • Historical banknotes of Cambodia {{en icon}} {{de icon}}
{{n-start|title=First riel}}{{n-before|location=French Indochina|currency=French Indochinese piastre|reason=independence|ratio=at par|note=piastre not used in self-declared North Vietnam since 1946}}{{n-currency|location=Cambodia|start=1953|end=1970|note=transitional notes dual denominated in piastre and riel were used until 1955}}{{n-currency|location=Khmer Republic|start=1970|end=1975}}{{n-after|currency=Moneyless economy|location=Kampuchea|reason=The Khmer Rouge attempted to implement the Marxist vision of a money-less society|note=The Khmer Rouge did print a series of riel. Some sources say they were never issued. Some say they were issued one month before they were abolished.}}{{n-end}}{{n-start|title=Second riel}}{{n-before|currency=Vietnamese đồng|reason=reintroduction of a national currency|ratio=1 riel = 3 đồng = 0.25 U.S. dollar = 1 kg rice|concurrent=Thai baht and some other foreign currencies, to some extent}}{{n-currency|location=Cambodia|start=1980}}{{n-after}}{{n-end}}{{Currencies of Asia}}{{currency signs}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cambodian Riel}}

6 : Circulating currencies|Economy of Cambodia|Currency symbols|Currencies of Cambodia|Currencies introduced in 1953|Currencies introduced in 1980
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