“Cowbell”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A cow bell or cowbell is a bell worn by freely roaming animals made to scare off any predators. Although they are typically referred to as "cow bells" due to their extensive use with cattle, the bells are used on a wide variety of animals.^[1]

Characteristics and uses

The bell and clapper are commonly crafted from iron, bronze, brass, copper, or wood. The collar used to hold the bell is traditionally made with leather and wood fibers.

Most cow bells are made of thin, flat pieces of plated sheet metal. Plating causes the sheet metal to have a surface which can be decorated or left plain. The craftsmanship of cow bells varies by geographic location and culture. The ornaments on the cow bell and the collar are usually decorative although some cultures believe that certain ornaments provide or enhance magical protections such as the power to prevent or cure fever and other illnesses.{{Citation needed|date = March 2014}} The cow bell is used to keep track of grazing animal herds such as goats, reindeer, sheep and cows. They are mainly used in Europe, Mediterranean areas and Latin America, but are also used worldwide by those who practice transhumance, including nomadic pastoral tribes in Africa and Asia.^[2]^[3]

Different bells can have specific sounds to identify important characteristics of the animals, such as age, sex, and species. Some cultures have even developed names to differentiate between bells and their tones; for example, in Spanish "truco" refers to stud males, "esquila" to female goats or ewes, and "esquileta" for pregnant females and immature animals. Each of these bells possess unique sounds, shapes, and sizes.

History

It is difficult to pinpoint when exactly the use of cow bells began, but the earliest examples of truly recognizable cow bells date back to the Iron Age.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

The use of iron bells in sub-Saharan African music and the Niger–Congo area is linked to the early iron-making technology spread during the Bantu migrations.

The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates back to more than 5000 years ago, from the 3rd millennium BC in Neolithic China.^[4] During this era, there is evidence of early forms of pottery cowbells, which were likely used to track goats, sheep, and cattle.^[5] The pottery bells were later replaced by metal bells. In West Asia, the first bells appeared in 1000 BC.^[4] The earliest metal bells, one found in the Taosi site, and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BC.^[6]

Though the bells for shepherding were expanded from the fertile crescent to Celtic, Carthaginian, Greek and Roman cultures, in Europe the earliest written evidence of bells used for livestock dates to the late 14th to early 15th century. Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch s.v. "Kuhschelle" points to a 1410 mention in a Frankfurt archive; the OED lists 1440 as the earliest attestation of a bell-wether, the leading sheep of a flock, on whose neck a bell is hung. The OED also attributes the phrase "to bear the bell" in the sense "to take the first place" as originally referring to the leading cow or sheep of a drove or flock to Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, 1374. In 15th-century Germany, a cow bell was worn only by the best and leading piece of livestock.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The wider distribution of the bell worn by livestock was a gradual process of the Early Modern period. In France in the mid-16th century, Francois Rabelais makes this practice explicit in his Gargantua and Pantagruel, stating that

The importance of the cow bell is highlighted in Swiss folklore, which reflects a period when a great Trychel, or large cow bell, was a rare and much-coveted item. The legend of the Simmental tells how a young cowherd strays inside a mountain, and is offered by a beautiful woman the choice between a treasure of gold coins, a golden Trychel, or the fairy herself. He chooses the Trychel.^[7]

As opposed to regular cast-metal bells, trychlen are made of hammered sheet metal. This results in a clanking, less crisp sound, but at the same time results in a bell that is lighter and thus easier to carry. In Southern Germany, such cow bells are called Kuhglocke.

Modern-day manufacturing of cow bells continues today in Korea, Indonesia, and India; created as village handicrafts. Despite a May 2012 fire that destroyed its factory, the Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company continues to make cow bell bells in East Hampton, CT, as it has since its founding in 1832; it is the only remaining U.S. company making just bells.^[8]

Examples of cow bells in ceremonial traditions

In Western Europe, when the snow has melted in the spring, villages send the cows to the high alpine meadows to graze. This event, called Alpaufzug, is celebrated in each village with a procession through the village to the high pastures. The cows are decorated with floral wreaths woven through the horns. The best milk-producing cow in the village leads the procession and wears the largest bell. The bells are made in various sizes, and are awarded to the cows according to their milk production that year.^[9]

In the fall, the event is repeated, but is called an "Alpabzug", as the animals return from the high meadow. The best cows (each referred to as a Kranzkuh, i.e. "crown[ed] cow", after the ornamental headwear with which it is adorned) from each herd again lead the procession. The traditional festival is called Viehscheid in Southern Germany, and has other names in the Alpine regions.^[10]

Gallery

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-cowbell.html |title=cowbell |work=The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=November 4, 2007}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.creativehandnepal.com/shop.php?product_id=1844 |title=Antique Bell :: Antique Tibetan Cow Bell Large :: Creative Hand Nepal :: Nepal Trade Fair an Online Wholesale Handicraft Marketplace ! |publisher=Creative Hand Nepal |date= |accessdate=2014-03-06}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://antiqueauctionsnow.net/shop/iron/African_37945 |title=iron | African | Antiques (US) |publisher=Antiqueauctionsnow.net |date= |accessdate=2014-03-06}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|author=Lothar Von Falkenhausen|title=Suspended Music: Chime Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve1h53NTNW0C&pg=PA132|accessdate=February 8, 2013|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07378-4|page=132|quote=China produced the earliest bells anywhere in the world. The earliest metal bells may have been derived from pottery prototypes, which date back to the late stage of the Yang-Shao culture (early third millennium BC)}}
5. ^Huang, Houming. "Prehistoric Music Culture of China", in Cultural Relics of Central China, 2002, No. 3:18–27. ISSN 1003-1731. pp. 20–27. Link {{subscription required}}
6. ^Falkenhausen (1994), 132, Appendix I 329, 342.{{incomplete short citation|date=March 2014}}
7. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.sagen.at/texte/sagen/schweiz/allgemein/kuhschelle.html |title=Die güldene Kuhschelle |trans-title=The Golden Kuhschelle |work=Schweizer Sagen und Heldengeschichten |first=Meinrad |last=Lienert |authorlink=Meinrad Lienert |location=Stuttgart |year=1915 |language=German |accessdate=2014-03-06}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bevinbells.com/about.asp |title=Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company}}
9. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/fwe/fwe14.htm |title=Twelve Festivals of Switzerland |work=Festivals of Western Europe |first=Dorothy Gladys |last=Spicer |publisher=The H. W. Wilson Company |year=1958 |accessdate=2014-03-06}}
10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.stripes.com/military-life/travel/alps-when-the-cows-come-home-it-s-party-time-1.38721 |title=Alps: When the cows come home, it's party time |publisher=Stars and Stripes |first=Leah |last=Larkin |date=August 25, 2005}}

Characteristics and uses

History

Examples of cow bells in ceremonial traditions

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links