| 词条 | Camille Chautemps |
| 释义 |
|name = Camille Chautemps |image = Chautemps.png |caption = Chautemps {{circa|1930}} |order = 68th Prime Minister of France |term_start = 21 February 1930 |term_end = 2 March 1930 |predecessor = André Tardieu |successor = André Tardieu |term_start2 = 26 November 1933 |term_end2 = 30 January 1934 |predecessor2 = Albert Sarraut |successor2 = Édouard Daladier |term_start3 = 22 June 1937 |term_end3 = 13 March 1938 |predecessor3 = Léon Blum |successor3 = Léon Blum |birth_date = 1 February 1885 |birth_place = Paris, France |death_date = {{death date and age|1963|7|1|1885|2|1|df=y}} |death_place = Washington, D.C., United States |burial_place = Rock Creek Cemetery |party = Radical }} Camille Chautemps (1 February 1885 – 1 July 1963) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic, three times President of the Council (Prime Minister). CareerEarly careerBorn into a family of prominent Radical politicians, Camille Chautemps was a lawyer by training and a noted amateur rugby-player in his youth, playing for Tours Rugby and Stade Francais. He was inducted into the Grand Orient of France (1906; master 1908),[1] quitting the Freemasons in 1938 for political reasons. He entered local politics in the fiefdom of his parliamentarian uncle, Alphonse Chautemps, and followed a political career path typical of many Radical-Socialists: first elected town councillor for Tours (1912), then mayor (1919-25), parliamentary deputy (1919-34) and senator (1934-40). Chautemps was considered one of the chief figures of the 'right' (anti-socialist and pro-liberal) wing of the centre-left Radical-Socialist Party. Between 1924 and 1926, he served in the centre-left coalition governments of Édouard Herriot, Paul Painlevé and Aristide Briand. 1930sPrime Minister twiceRenowned as a skilful negotiator with friends from across the party divide, he was called upon on several occasions to attempt to build support for a coalition of the centre-left. He first became President of the Council for a short-lived government in 1930. After the electoral victory of the left in 1934, he served as Interior Minister and became head of government once more in November 1933. The revelations of the Stavisky corruption scandal tarnished two of his ministers, sparking violent protests by the extreme-right: he resigned his posts on 27 January 1934, when the anti-government press attributed Stavisky's suicide to a government cover-up.[2] Deputy Prime Minister and Premier for the last timeIn Léon Blum's Popular Front government of 1936, Chautemps represented the Radical-Socialist Party as a Minister of State; he succeeded Blum at the head of the government from June 1937 to March 1938. The franc was devalued, but government finances remained in difficulty.[3] Pursuing the program of the Popular Front, he proceeded in the nationalisation of the railroads to create the SNCF. However, in January 1938, he formed a new government consisting solely of ministers from the non-socialist republican centre- left.[4] In February, he granted married women financial and legal independence (until then, wives had been dependent on their husbands to take action involving family finances) and allowed them to go to university and open bank accounts. His government also repealed Article 213 of the code: "the husband owes protection to his wife, the wife obedience to the husband" However, the husband remained "head of the household" with "the right to choose the household’s place of residence".[5] His government fell on 10 March.[6] Run-up to World War IIChautemps subsequently served from April 1938 to May 1940 as Deputy Premier in the governments of Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud, and, after the latter's resignation, as Deputy Premier again, now to Marshal Philippe Pétain. World War IIFrance having declared war on Germany in September 1939, in May 1940, the German Army invaded and swept aside all opposition. With the fall of Dunkirk on 5 June and the defeat of the French army imminent, Chautemps, dining with Paul Baudouin on the 8th, declared that the war must be ended and that Pétain saw the position most clearly.[7] On the 11th, during a Cabinet meeting, Chautemps suggested that Churchill be invited back to France to discuss the hopeless situation; he attended a conference at Tours on 13 June.[8] The Cabinet met again on the 15th, almost evenly split on the question of an Armistice with Germany. Chautemps now suggested that to break the deadlock, that they should get a neutral authority to enquire what the German terms would be. If honourable, they could agree to study them. If not, they could all agree to fight on. The Chautemps proposal passed by 13 to 6.[9] On 16 June Charles de Gaulle, now in London, telephoned Reynaud to give him the British Government's offer of joint nationality for French and British in a Franco-British union. A delighted Reynaud put it to a stormy cabinet meeting and was supported by five of his ministers. Most of the others were persuaded against him by the arguments of Pétain, Chautemps and Jean Ybarnégaray, the latter two seeing the offer as a device to make France subservient to Great Britain, as an extra dominion. Georges Mandel (who had a Jewish background[10]) was flinging accusations of cowardice around the room, and Chautemps and others replied in kind. It was now clear that Reynaud would not accept the Chautemps proposal, and Reynaud resigned.[11] DefectionChautemps broke with Pétain's government after arriving in the United States on an official mission and lived there for much of the rest of his life. After World War II, a French court convicted him in absentia for collaborating with the enemy[12]; he was amnestied in 1954. Chautemps's First Ministry, 21 February – 2 March 1930
Chautemps's Second Ministry, 26 November 1933 – 30 January 1934
Chautemps's Third Ministry, 22 June 1937 – 18 January 1938
Chautemps's Fourth Ministry, 18 January – 13 March 1938
References1. ^Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie by Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara and Marc de Jode (ed. Larousse, 2011) 2. ^Williams, 2005, p.259. 3. ^Griffiths, Richard, Pétain, Constable, London, 1970, p.p.197, {{ISBN|0-09-455740-3}} 4. ^Griffiths, 1970, p.197. 5. ^[France since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society by Charles Sowerine] 6. ^Griffiths, 1970, p.197. 7. ^Griffiths, 1970, p.231. 8. ^Griffiths, 1970, p.235. 9. ^Griffiths, 1970, p.237. 10. ^Webster, Paul, Pétain's Crime, Pan Macmillan, London, 1990, p.40, {{ISBN|0-333-57301-3}} 11. ^Griffiths, 1970, p.239. 12. ^Encyclopædia Britannica External links
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