| 词条 | Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | official_name = | other_name = | line = | location = | coordinates = | os_grid_ref = | status = Proposed | system = | crosses = New York Harbor | start = Jersey City, New Jersey | end = Bay Ridge Brooklyn, New York | stations = | startwork = | opened = | closed = | rebuilt = | reopened = | owner = | operator = | traffic = | character = | engineer = | construction = | length = {{convert|30,000|ft|km|abbr=on}} portal-to-portal[1]{{rp|4-32}} | linelength = | tracklength = | notrack = | gauge = Standard | el = | speed = | hielevation = | lowelevation = | height = | width = | depth_below_water = | shipping_clearance_above = | grade = | map = | extra = }} The Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel (also known as the Cross Harbor Rail Freight Tunnel) is a proposed freight rail transport tunnel under Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey between northeastern New Jersey and Long Island, including southern and eastern New York City. In November 2014, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey released a Tier 1 Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for its Cross Harbor Freight Program.[1] It reviewed four waterborne and four tunnel alternatives. Estimated costs for the waterborne alternatives ranged from $95 to 190 million, and from $7 to 11 billion for the tunnel alternatives. On September 25, 2015 the Tier 1 Final Environmental Impact Statement was released,[2] which narrowed the alternatives to two, an enhanced railcar float operation and a basic rail tunnel, both between New Jersey and Brooklyn. A phased plan starting with building the enhanced car float was proposed. In early May, 2017, the Port Authority issued a Request for Proposals (RFP) for a “Tier II” Environmental Impact Study of the rail tunnel and enhanced railcar float alternatives.[3] A $23.7 million, three-year contract for the Tier II study was awarded in early 2018.[5] HistoryDirect connections for rail freight between Long Island and nearby areas of the United States have long been limited. At present, freight trains from the west and south destined for New York City (except for Staten Island, via the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge), Long Island and Connecticut must cross the Hudson River using the Alfred H. Smith Memorial Bridge which is {{convert|140|mi|km|0}} north of New York City at Selkirk, New York, making a {{convert|280|mi|km|0|adj=on}} detour known as the "Selkirk hurdle." Partly as a result, less than 3% by weight of the area's freight is said to move by rail. The former Pennsylvania Railroad planned a freight railroad tunnel between Brooklyn and Staten Island in 1893, but the project was never carried out. Attempts by government planners to revive the project from the 1920s through the 1940s did not succeed.[4] The Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad tunnels through New York Penn Station, generally used only for passenger trains, were used briefly for freight during World War I to relieve congestion at the barge transport docks, but today's passenger and commuter traffic frequencies are at capacity and preclude freight movements.[5] Proposals for a cross-harbor tunnel were floated as early as the 1920s.[6] In the early 1990s, U.S. Representative Jerrold Nadler revived interest in direct connection of rail freight to Long Island, hoping to reduce truck traffic through Manhattan.[7] With support from the City government, the New York City Economic Development Corporation commissioned a study of rail freight traffic across New York Harbor. The Cross Harbor Freight Movement Major Investment Study received $4 million from the U.S. Department of Transportation and $1 million from the New York City Industrial Development Agency.[8] Edwards and Kelcey,[9] a transportation engineering firm in Morristown, NJ, was hired to study the feasibility of alternative approaches to increased rail access for freight. The idea of a cross-harbor rail tunnel also received support from Connecticut transportation planners, who believed such a rail connection would reduce truck traffic on the heavily congested Connecticut Turnpike.[10] The proposed tunnel would primarily serve Long Island, which includes the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens as well as Nassau and Suffolk counties, with a combined population of 7.7 million. It is served by the Long Island Rail Road, the busiest commuter railroad in North America. Rail freight service on Long Island is provided by the New York and Atlantic railroad (NYA), which operates on LIRR tracks and carries about 20,000 carloads each year.[11] The NYA connects with CSX Transportation via the Hell Gate Bridge to CSX Transportation's Oak Point Yard in the Bronx. It also connects to CSX and Norfolk Southern in the Greenville section of Jersey City, NJ, via a cross harbor float barge service, the New York New Jersey Rail, LLC, currently owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The New York City boroughs of the Bronx and Staten Island have active rail freight connections, via the Oak Point Link and the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge, respectively. The latter connects Staten Island with rail lines west of the Hudson, and serves the Howland Hook Marine Terminal and a municipal waste facility, but there are no rail connections between Staten Island and the rest of New York City or Long Island. Manhattan last saw freight service in 1983.[12] The West Side freight line was converted to passenger service in 1991, with the West Side freight yards replaced by Trump Place and the elevated portion south of 30th street converted into High Line Park. Feasibility and environmental issue studiesIn its summer 2000 report, Edwards and Kelcey evaluated proposals for rail tunnels between Brooklyn and Staten Island and between Brooklyn and Jersey City, plus increased barge transport of railcars across New York Harbor. It estimated a pair of tunnels between Jersey City and Brooklyn to cost $2.15 billion, not including track connections or track improvements. Despite the length of the tunnels being considered, up to {{convert|17000|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} under water, the study found that providing enough ventilation to operate diesel locomotives would be practical.[13] Probably mindful of environmental issues that were key elements in the 1985 cancellation of the Westway project, the New York City Industrial Development Agency commissioned an environmental assessment. This assessment found that immersed tube construction would be environmentally more hazardous and more expensive than bored tunnel construction. Ventilation was confirmed as practical and found unlikely to present greater hazards than fumes from trucks that would otherwise be used to transport freight.[4] Following the feasibility and environmental studies, two organizations were formed to plan and promote a tunnel project and to seek government funding. They are the Cross Harbor Freight Movement Project,[14] hosted by the STV Group,[15] a construction firm in New York City and Douglassville, Pennsylvania, and the Cross-Harbor Tunnel Coalition,[16] also known as "MoveNYNJ" or "Move NY & NJ". The Cross Harbor Freight Movement Project is supported by funds from the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and the New York City Economic Development Corporation, while the Cross-Harbor Tunnel Coalition is a voluntary organization of business, union and political leaders. Political activity led to authorization of $100 million for a Cross Harbor Rail Freight Tunnel as a federal transportation project in the U.S. Transportation Equity Act of 2005.[17] 2014 Draft Environmental Impact StudyThe 2014 Tier 1 Draft Environmental Impact Study[18] (DEIS) considered 29 alternatives and selected ten for further study, including five tunnel options and five waterborne options. The tunnel options considered include the following:
The waterborne options include enhanced rail float operations, going beyond what the improvements the Port Authority has already committed to, and four options involve transporting trucks or shipping containers across the harbor by boat. The latter group includes
The DEIS Executive Summary (Table ES-6) lists the following costs and benefits for the various options:
Only the enhanced rail float and the basic rail tunnel options were selected in the Final EIS for Tier II analysis. FacilitiesThe proposed Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel tubes would be large enough to take double-stacked container cars.[19]{{efn|1=The diameter of a two-lane tube for the Holland Tunnel is slightly less than the diameter for a tube with one rail line in a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel.[4]}} According to the Cross Harbor Freight Movement Project, the alignment favored for a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel is between portals (access points) located in Conrail's Greenville Yard in Jersey City and along the Long Island Rail Road's Bay Ridge Branch in Brooklyn, crossing the middle of the Upper Harbor, with a length of {{convert|5.7|mi|km|abbr=on}}.[1]{{rp|4-32}} Other infrastructureDuring the environmental assessment, existing rail infrastructure was surveyed for compatibility with a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel. Parts of the existing trackage need repair. Some rights of way have been reduced to single-track width or were never wider and are in deteriorating condition due to their little use and maintenance. Nearly all track segments lack enough clearance above the tracks for the envisaged double-stacked container cars.[20][21] Such factors limit the effective capacity of a rail tunnel and will add substantial cost to overcome. Rail yards east of New York Harbor lack a trans-shipment terminal with enough capacity to transfer the freight coming through a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel to trucks. A proposal was generated to acquire {{convert|100|acre|ha}} of land to build one in West Maspeth, Queens.[22] Studies performed for the Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel say about 30,000 trucks per day cross the George Washington Bridge and the Verrazano Narrows Bridge going to or from parts of Long Island, including Queens and Brooklyn, or about 10 million trucks per year. 2015 Final Tier I Draft Environmental Impact StatementThe Final Tier I Draft Environmental Impact Statement recommends further study of two alternatives: enhanced rail float operations and the most basic rail tunnel among the tunnel alternatives. While the rail float alternative is expected to produce less freight tonnage diversion than the tunnel (2.8 million tons per year vs 9.6), its costs are dramatically less, $175 million vs. $7.2 billion. The EIS recommends a phased approach, starting by building enhanced float service for carload freight, adding capacity for intermodal traffic, developing needed intermodal facilities on Long Island and finally planning and building the rail freight tunnel.[2] Port Authority Chairman John J. Degnan expressed doubts about the freight rail tunnel alternative in light of competing demands on Port Authority resources, including the Gateway Project passenger rail tunnel under the Hudson, which is estimated to cost $20 billion, and a new Port Authority Bus Terminal costing up to $10 billion. "It's hard for me to imagine, given the competing demands for the federal government fund for other projects, that it would commit to funding at a cost on that order of magnitude."[23] Tier II effortsIn July 2017, the Port Authority announced it had allocated $35 million to the study of the tunnel suitable for freight.[24] In February, 2018, the Port Authority awarded a $23.7 million contract to Cross Harbor Partners, a joint venture of STV Incorporated and AKRF Inc., to develop a Tier II Environmental Impact Statement. The Tier II process is expected to take three years.[25] CriticismSome critics object that improving rail transport with a tunnel would provide little traffic reduction relative to its high cost.[26] The West Maspeth facility has been heavily criticized. It is proposed for an industrial site about four blocks south of the interchange between the Long Island Expressway (I-495) and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (I-278), where Nichols Copper and later Phelps Dodge operated a copper refinery for decades. The copper plant closed in 1983, and the site has been largely vacant since then, although a new food warehouse was completed at its eastern end in 2005. It abuts the heavily polluted Newtown Creek.[27] Although the Cross-Harbor tunnel terminal site is close to two major highways and existing rail, many access routes pass through residential neighborhoods. Based on the estimates of the rail tunnel's capacity, traffic to and from the site could reach thousands of truck trips per day. However, most of those trucks already travel through those highways to use the existing bridge connection. Spokespersons for neighborhoods in Brooklyn and Queens strongly object to land being designated for a trans-shipment terminal or other railroad uses[28] and to the noise and vibration expected from passage of up to 1,600 rail cars per day.[29] Reacting to these criticisms, in March 2005 New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that he opposed the rail tunnel project.[30] However, in early July 2007, Mayor Bloomberg told Rep. Nadler he would be willing to take another look at the plan.[31] A City University of New York study, published in 2011, pointed out that "no current demand for a containerized truck-rail facility has yet been demonstrated" on Long Island, in part because long distance trucks, including intermodal containers, generally must be unloaded at major distribution centers which typically serve an entire metropolitan area. Few such distribution centers are located on Long Island.[32] The study also noted that standard double stack rail equipment is too wide to run on tracks where third rail is used, as it is on much of the Long Island Rail Road's passenger routes.ibid. p. 19 Concern has been expressed about the project's impact on Port Authority toll revenue.[33] The proposed "MoveNY" transportation plan[34] would use right-of-way needed for the tunnel project, including the Bay Ridge branch, to build a new Triboro RX subway service connecting The Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn, potentially interfering with the right-of-way's use for rail freight. See also{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
ReferencesNotes{{notelist}}Citations1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/about/CHFP_draft_Tier_1_EIS/CHFP_Tier1_EIS_downloads.html|title=Cross Harbor Freight Program: CHFP Tier 1 EIS Document|work=panynj.gov}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/port/eis-tier-1-final/index.html|title=Cross Harbor Freight Program: CHFP final Tier 1 EIS Document|work=panynj.gov}} 3. ^RFP to study Cross-Harbor Rail Freight Tunnel connecting NJ and Brooklyn, Mary Frost, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 8, 2017] 4. ^1 2 {{cite web | author=Gareth Mainwaring | title=The development of the New York Cross Harbor Freight Movement Project | publisher=Hatch Mott Macdonald (Toronto, ON) | year=2002 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413105455/http://www.hatchmott.com/documents/adobe/Mainwaring%20-%20Development%20of%20NY%20Cross%20Harbor%20Freight%20Movement%20Study_RETC%202003.pdf|archivedate=April 13, 2005 |deadurl=yes|url=http://www.hatchmott.com/documents/adobe/Mainwaring%20-%20Development%20of%20NY%20Cross%20Harbor%20Freight%20Movement%20Study_RETC%202003.pdf }} 5. ^{{cite web | author=Christopher T. Baer, Ed. | title=PRR Chronology | publisher=Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society | year=June 2004 | url=http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1918%20June%2004.wd.pdf }} 6. ^{{cite news| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/11/24/98788376.pdf | work=The New York Times | title=SAYS ROADS BLOCK PORT UNIFICATION; Van Buskirk Discusses Authority's Project Before JerseyCity Kiwanians.EXPLAINS BELT LINE PLANCommissioner Indicates That NoParticular Rall Line Can LongPrevent the Work | date=November 24, 1922}} 7. ^{{cite web | author=Rep. Jerrold Nadler (D-NY) | title=HR 2784, New York Harbor Tunnel Act of 1993 | publisher=Library of Congress | year=1993 | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c103:H.R.2784.IH: }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorkbiz.com/nycida/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813143142/http://www.newyorkbiz.com/nycida/|title=NYCEDC - New York City Industrial Development Agency|archivedate=13 August 2006|work=newyorkbiz.com}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekcorp.com/|title=Edwards and Kelcey|publisher=}} 10. ^Connecticut Turnpike 11. ^New York and Atlantic Railway information {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202171058/http://www.anacostia.com/nyar/nyar.html |date=2007-02-02 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kinglyheirs.com/NewYorkStateRailroads/WestSideFreight1.html|title=West Side Freight Line into Manhattan: The High Line|author=Ken Kinlock|work=kinglyheirs.com}} 13. ^{{cite web | author=Michael G. Carey, President | title=Cross Harbor Freight Movement Major Investment Study | publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation | year=2000 | url=http://www.newyorkbiz.com/Library/Studies/Cross.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030613172008/http://www.newyorkbiz.com/Library/Studies/Cross.pdf |archivedate = June 13, 2003}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crossharborstudy.com/index.htm|title=The Port Authority of NY & NJ|work=crossharborstudy.com}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stvinc.com/keypersonnel.htm|title=STV is a leading, award-winning professional firm offering engineering, architectural, planning, environmental and construction management services|publisher=}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moveny.org/home.html|title=Cross-Harbor Tunnel Coalition|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617173821/http://www.moveny.org/home.html|archivedate=2006-06-17|df=}} 17. ^{{cite web | author=Marnie McGregor | title=Cross Harbor Tunnel receives significant funding in federal transportation bill | publisher=Cross-Harbor Tunnel Coalition | date=July 29, 2005 | url=http://www.moveny.org/news_funding.html }} 18. ^{{cite web|title=CHFP Tier 1 EIS Document|url=http://www.panynj.gov/about/CHFP_draft_Tier_1_EIS/CHFP_Tier1_EIS_downloads.html|website=Cross Harbor Freight Program|publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|accessdate=November 29, 2014}} 19. ^{{cite web | author=Steve Anderson | title=Holland Tunnel historic overview | publisher=Eastern Roads | year=2006 | url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/holland/ }} 20. ^{{cite web | author=Jon Orcutt and Kate Slevin | title=Long-Awaited Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel Environmental Report Released | publisher=Tri-State Transportation Campaign | date=May 17, 2004 | url=http://www.tstc.org/bulletin/pdf/mtr459.pdf }} 21. ^{{cite web | author=Dredged Material Management Interagency Workgroup | title=Meeting Notes | publisher=NY/NJ Clean Ocean And Shore Trust | date=February 5, 2003 | url=http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/hep/minutes/dmmiwg-03feb5.pdf }} 22. ^{{cite web | author=Cross Harbor Freight Movement Project | title=Brief History of Cross Harbor Rail | publisher=Cross Harbor Freight Movement Project | year=2004 | url=http://www.crossharborstudy.com/addressing.htm }} 23. ^The $7.4B freight tunnel that could ease tri-state area traffic Steve Strunsky, nj.com, September 25, 2015 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20170714/REAL_ESTATE/170719917/with-gateway-in-limbo-port-authority-pushes-ahead-on-separate-tunnel-project |title=With Gateway in limbo, Port Authority pushes ahead on separate tunnel project |publisher=Crain's New York Business |date=July 14, 2017 | first1 = Daniel | last1 = Geiger|accessdate=July 20, 2017}} 25. ^1 [https://www.maritimeprofessional.com/news/cross-harbor-freight-program-enters-313774 NY/NJ Cross Harbor Freight Program Enters Second Review Phase], Maritime Professional, February 9. 2018 26. ^{{cite web | author=Peter Samuel | title=New York harbor rail tunnel pushed with special truck toll tax | publisher=Toll Roads Newsletter | date=September 29, 2004 | url=http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/878 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928161558/http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/878 | archivedate=September 28, 2007 | df= }} 27. ^{{cite web | author=Laura Stockstill | title=Planning Industrial Futures in West Maspeth | publisher=Metropolitan Waterfront Alliance | date=March 3, 2005 | url=http://www.waterwire.net/News/fullstory.cfm?ContID=1656 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623072913/http://www.waterwire.net/News/fullstory.cfm?ContID=1656 | archivedate=June 23, 2006 | df= }} 28. ^{{cite web | author=Rob McKay | title=Rally Rips Freight Tunnel Plan | publisher=Ridgewood Times Newsweekly (Queens, NY) | date=September 30, 2004 | url=http://www.timesnewsweekly.com/Archives2004/Jul.-Sept.2004/093004/NewFiles/NO%20MORE%20TRUCKS.html | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314000533/http://timesnewsweekly.com/Archives2004/Jul.-Sept.2004/093004/NewFiles/NO%20MORE%20TRUCKS.html | archivedate=March 14, 2005 | df= }} 29. ^{{cite web | author=Leo King | title=Freight Lines: New Yorkers hear tunnel objections | publisher=National Corridors Initiative | date=December 6, 2004 | url=http://www.nationalcorridors.org/df/df12062004.shtml }} 30. ^{{cite web | author=David Cargin | title=Mayor Bloomberg Opposes Cross Harbor Freight Tunnel | publisher=Queens Chronicle, Mid-Queens Edition | date=March 10, 2005 | url=http://www.zwire.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=14120466&BRD=2731&PAG=461&dept_id=574995&rfi=8 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203039/http://www.zwire.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=14120466&BRD=2731&PAG=461&dept_id=574995&rfi=8 | archivedate=September 27, 2007 | df= }} 31. ^{{cite news | author=Lisa L. Colangelo | title=Dig it! Bloomy waffles on tunnel | publisher=Daily News, City Hall Bureau | date=July 10, 2007 | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/07/10/2007-07-10_dig_it_bloomy_waffles_on_tunnel.html | location=New York}} 32. ^{{cite web |first=Robert E. |last=Paaswell |first2=Penny |last2=Eickemeyer |url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42500/42526/LI-Report-Final1.pdf |format=PDF |date=June 9, 2011 |title=NYSDOT Consideration of Potential Intermodal Sites for Long Island |publisher=CUNY Institute for Urban Systems University Transportation Research Center |accessdate=December 19, 2011|page=22}} 33. ^Port Authority Cross Harbor Freight Could Impact Future Revenues, Andrew Coen, The Bond Buyer, November 26, 2014 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://iheartmoveny.org/|title=At first this video might make you want to leave New York. But the end will make you want to stay forever.|publisher=}} External links
10 : Railroad tunnels in New Jersey|Railroad tunnels in New York City|Tunnels in Hudson County, New Jersey|Rail freight transportation in New York City|Crossings of the Hudson River|Port of New York and New Jersey|Proposed tunnels in the United States|Proposed railway lines in New York (state)|Proposed railway lines in New Jersey|Proposed railway tunnels in North America |
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