| 词条 | Crotalus mitchellii | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| image = Speckled Rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii) (21705787199).jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Crotalus | species = mitchellii | authority = (Cope, 1861) | range_map = Crotalus mitchellii distribution (RDB).png | synonyms = *Caudisona mitchellii {{small|Cope, 1861}}
}} Common names: speckled rattlesnake,[2] Mitchell's rattlesnake,[3] white rattlesnake[4]Crotalus mitchellii is a venomous pit viper species found in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), a medical doctor who also studied rattlesnake venoms.[2][5] Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[6] DescriptionGenerally, this species does not exceed {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with large males measuring between {{convert|90|and|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The race on Isla Ángel de la Guarda is known to become larger, the maximum recorded length for a specimen there being {{convert|136.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}. In contrast, the population on El Muerto Island only reaches a maximum of {{convert|63.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.[2] Geographic rangeThis species is found in the southwestern United States and in northwestern Mexico. In the US, its range includes east-central and southern California, southwestern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah, and western Arizona. In Mexico, it is native in most of Baja California, including Baja California Sur. It also inhabits a number of islands in the Gulf of California, including Angel de la Guarda Island, Carmen, Cerralvo, El Muerto, Espíritu Santo, Monserrate, Piojo, Salsipuedes, and San José, as well as on Santa Margarita Island off the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur.[1] The type locality is listed as "Cape St. Lucas, Lower California" (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico).[1] Subspecies and taxonomy
Grismer (1999) argued that C. m. angelensis and C. m. muertensis should be given species status, mainly due to differences in body size.[2] More recently, Douglas et al. (2007) [8] recognised C.m. stephensi as a full species, and Meik et al. (2015) [9] elevated both the southwestern and the Angel de la Guarda speckled rattlesnakes to the state of full species, C. pyrrhus and C. angelensis, whereas the El Muerto Island speckled rattlesnake was considered part of C. pyrrhus Conservation statusThe nominate subspecies (C. m. mitchellii) is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007.[10] Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.[11] See also
References1. ^1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume). 2. ^1 2 3 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}. 3. ^U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States Government. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. {{ISBN|0-486-26629-X}}. 4. ^Ditmars RL. 1933. Reptiles of the World. Revised Edition. New York: The MacMillan Company. 329 pp. 89 plates. 5. ^Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Mitchell, S.W.", p. 180). 6. ^1 2 {{ITIS |id=174313 |taxon=Crotalus mitchellii |accessdate=25 February 2007}} 7. ^1 Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-21056-5}}. 8. ^Douglas, M. E., M. R. Douglas, G. W. Schuett, L. W. Porras, and B. L. Thomason. 2007. Genealogical concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear DNAs supports species recognition of the Panamint rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii stephensi). Copeia 2007: 920–932. 9. ^Meik JM, Streicher JW, Lawing AM, Flores-Villela O, Fujita MK (2015) Limitations of Climatic Data for Inferring Species Boundaries: Insights from Speckled Rattlesnakes. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131435. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131435 10. ^1 {{IUCN2014.3| id = 64323| title = Crotalus mitchellii | assessor = Frost DR| year = 2007| downloaded = 5 March 2015}} 11. ^{{Redlist CC2001|date=13 September|year=2007}} Further reading
External links{{Commons}}
11 : Crotalus|Reptiles of the United States|Reptiles of Mexico|Fauna of the Southwestern United States|Fauna of the Sonoran Desert|Fauna of the Colorado Desert|Fauna of the Mojave Desert|Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands|Natural history of Baja California|Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope|Reptiles described in 1861 |
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