| 词条 | Crown Prince Sado |
| 释义 |
| name = Yi Seon, Crown Prince Sado 이선 사도세자 | title = | titletext = | more = Kingdom of Great Joseon 대조선국 (大朝鮮國) 왕세자(王世子) | type = | image = PrinceSado.jpg | alt = | caption = | succession = | moretext = | reign = 1744 - 1762 | reign-type = | coronation = | cor-type = | predecessor = Crown Prince Hyojang | pre-type = | regent = | reg-type = | successor = Crown Prince Yi San | suc-type = | spouse = Princess Consort Hyegyeong Secondary Consort Yeongbin Secondary Consort Pingae | spouse-type = Consort | consort = | issue = Crown Prince Uiso Jeongjo of Joseon Prince Euneon Princess Cheongyeon Prince Eunshin Princess Cheongseon Princess Cheonggeun Prince Eunjeon | issue-link = | issue-pipe = | full name = | era name = | era dates = | regnal name = | posthumous name = King Jangjong Shinmun Hwanmu Jangheon Gwanghyo the Great of Korea 장종신문환무장헌광효대왕 莊宗神文桓武莊獻廣孝大王 | temple name = Jangjong, Jangjo | house = Jeonju Yi | house-type = | father = Yeongjo of Joseon | mother = Royal Noble Consort Yeong | birth_date = 13 February 1735 | birth_place = Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon | death_date = {{d-da|12 July 1762|13 February 1735}} | death_place = Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon | burial_date = | burial_place = | occupation = | signature_type = | signature = | religion = }}{{Infobox Korean name |caption = Portrait of Crown Prince Sado |hangul={{linktext|장|조}} |hanja={{linktext|莊|祖}} |rr=Jangjo |mr=Changjo |hangulph={{linktext|사|도}} {{linktext|세|자}} |hanjaph={{linktext|思|悼}} {{linktext|世子}} |rrph=Sado Seja |mrph=Sado Seja }} Crown Prince Sado (13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762) was born Prince Jangheon, the second son of the Korean king Yeongjo (1694 – 1776). Due to the prior death of his older half-brother Crown Prince Hyojang (1728), the new prince was the probable royal heir. However Prince Sado was not given an opportunity to reign. At the age of 27, he was executed by order of his father, and died of starvation by being confined in a rice chest.[1] His father gave him the posthumous title Sado, meaning "Thinking of with great sorrow." BiographyLifeLady Hyegyeong, Sado's wife, wrote a memoir in 1805 detailing their life together. She records that the prince suffered a severe illness during 1745, where he often lost consciousness.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=252}} Although he recovered, the tense relationship between Sado and King Yeongjo led to him experiencing severe anxiety whenever in his father's presence.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=254}} When Sado came of age at 15, his father appointed him regent, giving him the power to make decisions on administrative matters.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=256}} Lady Hyegyeong describes King Yeongjo as perpetually dissatisfied with whichever course of action Sado chose.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=258}} Yeongjo also did not permit Sado to visit the ancestral tombs until as late as 1756, nor was he allowed to attend auspicious court events.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=272}} Yeongjo also always made sure to chastise his son in front of a large crowd, either of ladies-in-waiting or eunuchs.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=281}} As a result, Sado formed a strong bond with his sister Princess Hwahyeop, who was similarly disfavoured by their father. When she died in 1752, Sado was reported to have grieved intensely.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=263}} In 1752, Sado read a Taoist text called Okchugyeong ({{ko-hhrm|옥추경|玉樞經}}). Whilst reading, he hallucinated that he saw the Thunder God. Henceforth, Sado was terrified of thunder and refused to touch any object engraved with the characters of the book.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=265}} Sado took a secondary consort, Yeongbin (Royal Noble Consort Suk), with whom he had a son in 1754. Terrified of his father's anger, Sado forced her to take abortive medicines, but the child was born safely anyway. Arrangements for Yeongbin's delivery and housing were made by Lady Hyegyeong.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=266}} Sado had another son with Yeongbin in 1755, from whom the first emperor of Korea was descended.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=338-339}} IllnessIn 1757, King Yeongjo's legal mother (Queen Inwon) and wife (Queen Jeongseong) died within a month of each other. Sado had been close to both of them and their deaths led to a marked deterioration in his mental health and relationship with his father.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=274-278}} As a way of dealing with his frustration and rage, Sado beat his eunuchs.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=281}} In the same month as the burial of Queen Jeongseong, Sado walked into his chambers holding the severed head of a eunuch whom he had killed, forcing the ladies-in-waiting and his wife to view it. After this, he frequently killed palace staff to release his emotions,{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=282}} as well as assaulting and raping many ladies-in-waiting.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|p=282}} Lady Hyegyeong reported Sado's issues to Royal Noble Consort Yeong, but begged her not to speak to anyone of the matter, as she feared for her own safety if Sado discovered she had told someone.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=282}} By 1758, a previous phobia of Sado's regarding clothing became intensively problematic. {{cquote| text=For him to get dressed, I had to have ten, twenty, or even thirty sets of clothes laid out. He would then burn some, supposedly on behalf of some ghost or other. Even after this, if he managed to get into a suit of clothes without incident, one had to count it as great good luck. If, however, those serving him were to make the slightest error, he would not be able to put his clothes on, no matter how hard he tried. In the process, people were hurt, even killed. It was truly dreadful. | author=Lady Hyegyeong | source={{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=289}} }} Late in 1757, Sado took another secondary consort, Pingae (Royal Noble Consort Gyeong), who had been a lady-in-waiting to his grandmother, so his relations with her were considered to breach the incest taboo.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=283-284}} When Yeongjo found out, he berated his son and Sado eventually jumped down a well, but a guard pulled him out. Lady Hyegyeong had, by this point, managed to have Pingae hidden in the home of Sado's sister, Princess Hwawan.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=284-285}} On his birthday in 1760, Sado suffered a burst of outrage at his parents, berating Royal Consort Yeong, as well his own son, and two daughters.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=294}} After this, Sado threatened Princess Hwawan, demanding that she use her influence over King Yeongjo to move palaces and allow Sado to visit the springs at Onyang.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=295-296}} He also threatened to kill her; an event witnessed by Lady Hyegyeong and Sado's mother.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=296}} Sado was physically violent toward his wife, which necessitated Lady Hyegyeong to avoid court events to hide the bruises.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=297}} In 1761, Sado beat Pingae in a fit of rage. He left her on the floor, where she died. Lady Hyegyeong prepared her body for the funeral rites, but, on his return, Sado reportedly said nothing about Pingae's death.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=301}} ExecutionIn summer 1762, an altercation with an official at court enraged Sado. As revenge, he threatened to kill the official's son[2] and attempted to sneak through a water passage to the upper palace. He failed to find the son and, instead, confiscated clothing and items belonging to him. Rumours that Sado had attempted to enter the upper palace to kill King Yeongjo spread around the court.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=316}} Fearing for the safety of her grandchildren, Royal Consort Yeong begged Yeongjo to deal with Sado.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=318}} By court rules, the body of a royal could not be defiled and, under the then-common practice of communal punishment, Sado's wife and son (the family's only direct male heir) could also face death or banishment if he were executed as a criminal.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=2}} As a solution, Yeongjo ordered Sado to climb into a wooden rice chest (roughly 4x4x4ft) on a hot July day in 1762.[3] According to Lady Hyegyeong's memoirs, Sado begged for his life before getting into the chest, though he attempted to get out again.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=320}} Along with her children, Lady Hyegyeong was taken back to her father's house on the same day. After two days, King Yeongjo had the chest containing Sado tied with rope, covered with grass, and moved to the upper palace.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=324}} Sado responded from inside the chest until the night of the seventh day; the chest was opened and he was pronounced dead on the eighth day.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=325}} Yeongjo then restored him to the position of crown prince.{{sfnp|Kim Haboush|2013|p=327}} Conspiracy theoryDuring the 19th century, there were rumors that Prince Sado had not been mentally ill, but had been framed; however, these rumors are contradicted by his wife, Lady Hyegyeong, in The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong. Sado's death remains an issue of debate as to whether his death was a retribution for his actual misconduct or if he was the victim of a conspiracy by his political opponents. BurialCrown Prince Sado was buried on Mt BaebongSan in Yangju. His body was moved by his son, King Jeongjo, to its current location in 1789, then called Hyeollyungwon near Suwon, 30 kilometers south of Seoul. Five years later the Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was built by King Jeongjo, specifically to memorialize and honor his father's tomb (the construction lasted 1794-1796, while the official reception was 1795). Lady Hyegyeong died and was buried with her husband in 1816. Prince Sado and Lady Hyegyeong were posthumously elevated in status and given the titles Emperor Yangjo and Empress Heonyeong in 1899. Their tomb and the adjacent tomb of their son, King Jeongjo, and Queen Hyoui were upgraded accordingly and renamed Yungneung. Taboo and ReinstatementPrince Sado was reinstated fifteen days after he died but King Yeongjo banned any mention of the prince's name for the rest of his reign. Because of this decision, Prince Sado's son, Jeongjo, who ascended the throne following the passing of the King Yeongjo, was added to his deceased uncle's (Prince Hyojang's) family register instead. One of Jeongjo's first statements upon becoming king, however, was to declare, "I am the son of Prince Sado." Jeongjo always showed great filial devotion to his father, Prince Sado, and reinstated his original name and title, Prince Jangheon. Family
His full posthumous name
His imperial posthumous name
In popular culture
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |title=Ancestors of Crown Prince Sado |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; | 1 = 1. Crown Prince Sado of Joseon | 2 = 2. King Yeongjo | 3 = 3. Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Lee clan | 4 = 4. King Sukjong | 5 = 5. Royal Noble Consort Sook of the Choe clan | 6 = 6. Lee Yoo-beon | 7 = 7. Lady Kim | 8 = 8. King Hyeonjong | 9 = 9. Queen Myeongseong of the Kim clan |10 = 10. Choe Hyo-won |11 = 11. Lady Hong |12 = |13 = |14 = |15 = |16 = 16. King Hyojong |17 = 17. Queen Inryeol of the Han clan |18 = 18. Kim U-myeong |19 = 19. Lady Song |20 = 20. Choe Tae-il |21 = 21. Lady Jang |22 = 22. Hong Gye-nam |23 = 23. Lady Kim |24 = |25 = |26 = |27 = |28 = |29 = |30 = |31 = }} ReferencesNotes1. ^The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong, translated JaHyun Kim Haboush, p. 321 2. ^This son refers to the son of Sin Man, Sin Gwang-su, who is also the husband of Princess Hwahyeop. 3. ^The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong (한중록, 閑中錄) 4. ^Daughter of Yi Yu-beon (이유번) and Madame Gim 5. ^Also known as Lady Seonhui 6. ^Daughter of Hong Bong-han (홍봉한) —great-great-grandson of Princess Jeongmyeong (1603-1685), the only legitimate daughter of King Seonjo— and Lady Yi of the Hansun Yi clan. 7. ^Dignified as Queen Heongyeong 헌경왕후 in 1899 by emperor Gojong of Korea. 8. ^Grandfather of Cheoljong, the 25th King (철종) 9. ^Posthumous step-father of Prince Namyeon and, therefore, ancestor of Gojong 10. ^{{cite web|last1=Jin|first1=Eun-soo|title=The ever-changing history of Prince Sado|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3010313|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|accessdate=22 October 2015|date=15 October 2015}} Works cited
| ref={{sfnRef|Kim Haboush|2013}} | last=Kim Haboush | first=JaHyun | title=The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea | title-link=Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong | isbn=978-0-520-20055-5 | year=2013 | edition=2 | location=Berkeley | publisher=University of California Press }} External links
12 : Joseon Dynasty people|Heirs apparent who never acceded|18th-century Korean people|1735 births|1762 deaths|House of Yi|Korean princes|People executed by starvation|Executed royalty|Korean murderers|South Korean serial killers|Male serial killers |
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