| 词条 | Campo Grande |
| 释义 |
|name = Campo Grande |settlement_type = Municipality |official_name = The Municipality of Campo Grande |image_skyline = Campo_Grande_Collage.png |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = |nicknames = Cidade Morena (Portuguese for "Brown City"), CG, Campão (Big Field) |motto = "Poder, prosperidade e altruísmo"{{spaces|2}}(Portuguese){{-}}"Power, prosperity and altruism" |pushpin_map = Brazil |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |map_caption = Location of Campo Grande in Mato Grosso do Sul |image_flag = Bandeira de Campo Grande.svg |image_seal = |image_map = Brazil Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande location map.svg |mapsize = 250px |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type2 = Region |subdivision_type3 = Microregion |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name2 = Center-West |subdivision_name1 = Mato Grosso do Sul |subdivision_name3 = Campo Grande |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Marquinhos Trad (PSD) |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1899 |climate = Aw |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 8096.05 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = 154.5 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2017 census |population_note = |population_total = 874.210 (20th) |population_metro = 1069,420 (20th) |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = 97.3 |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = UTC-4 |utc_offset = -4 |timezone_DST = UTC-3 |utc_offset_DST = -3 |coordinates = {{Coord|20|29|02|S|54|36|54|W|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 592 |elevation_ft = |area_code = (+55) 67 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 79000-000 |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = capital.ms.gov.br |footnotes = |Idh = 0.787 (2015)}} Campo Grande ({{IPA-pt|ˈkɐ̃pu ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi|br}},[1] Great Field) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West region of the country. The city is nicknamed Cidade Morena ("Swarthy City" in Portuguese) because of the reddish-brown colour of the region's soil. It has a population of 796,252, according to a 2011 IBGE estimate,[2] while its metropolitan area is home to 991,420 people (2010).{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} The region where the city is located was in the past a waypoint for travellers who wanted to go from São Paulo or Minas Gerais to northern Mato Grosso by land. In the early 1900s a railway was completed connecting Campo Grande to Corumbá, on the Bolivian border, and to Bauru, São Paulo. Also in the beginning of the 20th century, the Western Brazilian Army Headquarters was established in Campo Grande, making it an important military center. With a population growth from 140,000 people in 1970 to 750,000 people in 2008, Campo Grande is the third largest urban center of the Center-West region, and the 23rd largest city in the country. In 1977, the State of Mato Grosso was split into two, and Campo Grande became the capital of the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul, comprising the southern portion of the former state. By that time, Campo Grande had long surpassed the latter's capital city of Cuiabá in population, which is unusual in Brazil, where most capitals are also the states' largest cities. Today, the city has its own culture, which is a mixture of several ethnic groups, most notably immigrants from the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa,[3] Middle Easterners,[4] Armenians,[5] Portuguese people, Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and Paraguayans,[6] finally mixed with Asian and White Brazilians from the Brazilian Southern and Southeast regions, its native Amerindian peoples and Afro-Brazilians. HistoryCampo Grande started as a small village founded in 1877 by farmers José Antônio Pereira and Manoel Vieira de Sousa (a.k.a. Manoel Olivério), who came from Minas Gerais just after the end of the Paraguayan War. They founded the village, known at that time as Santo Antônio de Campo Grande, near the Serra de Maracaju cliffs, at the confluence of two streams named Prosa and Segredo (Portuguese for "conversation" and "secret," respectively), whose courses now coincide with two of the city's most important avenues. In the end of 1877, the founder built the village's first church. The roughly aligned houses formed the first street, known as Rua Velha (Old Street), today Rua 26 de Agosto (26 August Street). This street ended where today one finds a square in honor of the immigrants that later came to the city. The city started to develop relatively fast because of its privileged climate and location. These factors drew people from other regions of the country, especially the South, the Southeast and the Northeast regions. The settlement was officially recognized as a municipality by the State Government on August 26, 1899 and renamed Campo Grande. GeographyClimate{{climate chart|Campo Grande |20|29|243 |20|30|187 |18|30|145 |18|29|101 |16|27|111 |14|26|44 |13|25|45 |15|27|39 |17|27|81 |19|30|130 |19|30|110 |20|30|229 |source=INMET |float=left |clear=none }} Campo Grande has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw), with a mild appearance of cold air masses on the southern edge of the tropics. It has semi-humid, hot summers, and notably seasonal, with a dry winter season from June through September, but without major irregularities. in the precipitation.[7][8] Its altitude a few hundred meters higher than in the surrounding swamps and its location in the interior of South America, gives a much more extreme climate than several Brazilian cities, although still moderate. In addition, the flood is one of the problems seen in the city, the result of intense rains that occur in a short period.[9] Annual rainfall averages {{convert|1465|mm|in}}. January is the warmest and rainiest month, with mean highs of 29 °C (84.2 °F) and lows of 20 °C (68.0 °F).{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} July brings on sunny days but cooler temperatures, with mean highs of 25 °C (77.0 °F) and lows of 4 °C (39.2 °F). Occasional near-freezing temperatures can occur on winter's coldest nights.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} {{Weather box|location = Campo Grande (1961–1990) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan record high C = 34.6 |Feb record high C = 36.7 |Mar record high C = 35.1 |Apr record high C = 36.4 |May record high C = 32.5 |Jun record high C = 31.2 |Jul record high C = 32.6 |Aug record high C = 35.4 |Sep record high C = 36.8 |Oct record high C = 36.6 |Nov record high C = 39.7 |Dec record high C = 37.2 |year record high C = 39.7 |Jan high C = 28.6 |Feb high C = 30.4 |Mar high C = 30.2 |Apr high C = 29.2 |May high C = 27.1 |Jun high C = 26.1 |Jul high C = 26.7 |Aug high C = 29.0 |Sep high C = 27.5 |Oct high C = 30.6 |Nov high C = 30.4 |Dec high C = 29.8 |year high C = 28.8 |Jan mean C = 24.4 |Feb mean C = 24.4 |Mar mean C = 24.0 |Apr mean C = 23.1 |May mean C = 20.4 |Jun mean C = 19.1 |Jul mean C = 19.3 |Aug mean C = 21.8 |Sep mean C = 22.6 |Oct mean C = 24.1 |Nov mean C = 24.3 |Dec mean C = 24.3 |year mean C = 22.7 |Jan low C = 19.7 |Feb low C = 20.1 |Mar low C = 18.3 |Apr low C = 18.4 |May low C = 16.0 |Jun low C = 15.3 |Jul low C = 14.0 |Aug low C = 16.0 |Sep low C = 17.5 |Oct low C = 18.9 |Nov low C = 19.5 |Dec low C = 20.4 |year low C = 17.8 |Jan record low C = 12.5 |Feb record low C = 5.1 |Mar record low C = 9.3 |Apr record low C = 7.5 |May record low C = 2.0 |Jun record low C = 0.6 |Jul record low C = 2.5 |Aug record low C = -0.9 |Sep record low C = 2.0 |Oct record low C = 8.8 |Nov record low C = 6.9 |Dec record low C = 14.8 |year record low C = -0.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 243.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 187.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 145.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 101.2 |May precipitation mm = 111.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 44.8 |Jul precipitation mm = 45.7 |Aug precipitation mm = 39.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 81.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 130.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 110.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 229.3 |year precipitation mm = 1469.0 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 17 |Feb precipitation days = 16 |Mar precipitation days = 14 |Apr precipitation days = 8 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 5 |Jul precipitation days = 4 |Aug precipitation days = 4 |Sep precipitation days = 6 |Oct precipitation days = 10 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 17 |year precipitation days = 121 |Jan humidity = 80.8 |Feb humidity = 80.6 |Mar humidity = 78.0 |Apr humidity = 77.5 |May humidity = 74.8 |Jun humidity = 72.3 |Jul humidity = 65.9 |Aug humidity = 59.6 |Sep humidity = 63.2 |Oct humidity = 67.6 |Nov humidity = 72.5 |Dec humidity = 80.3 |year humidity = 72.8 |Jan sun = 203.1 |Feb sun = 180.5 |Mar sun = 209.8 |Apr sun = 218.4 |May sun = 220.1 |Jun sun = 217.3 |Jul sun = 240.0 |Aug sun = 223.6 |Sep sun = 171.6 |Oct sun = 221.0 |Nov sun = 219.8 |Dec sun = 201.4 |year sun = 2526.6 |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization,[10] NOAA (sun and humidity)[11] |source 2 = Weatherbase (record highs and lows)[12] |date=May 2014|width=77%}} VegetationThe vegetation in Campo Grande and Central Brazil is a tropical savanna called "Cerrado" that varies from pure grassland to a nearly closed canopy of medium height trees overlying grass. Since forest is the expected climax vegetation there, several theories have been given to explain the types of grassland present. The most promising of these involve differences in soil properties, but only a few sites have been used for evaluation. The 1960s marked the beginning of the expansion of large-scale agriculture across the Cerrado. The state is one of the largest producers of soy beans in the world. The municipality contains the {{convert|178|ha}} Matas do Segredo State Park, created in 2000 to protect an area of cerrado forest.[13] It also contains the {{convert|135|ha}} Prosa State Park, created in 2002.[14] EconomyMost of the city's active labor is absorbed by the tertiary sector (commerce and services). In spite of that, the primary and secondary sectors, especially agribusiness, still play an important role in the local economy. The farming of bovine livestock supplies local slaughterhouses, which in turn allows Campo Grande to export meat to other states in Brazil and abroad. In addition to food processing and agribusiness, construction and non-metallic mineral processing are important. The area's most important crops are soy, rice and manioc. Recently, sugar cane is becoming important as well. According to IBGE, Campo Grande has a total of 11,657 commercial and 1,300 industrial enterprises. The city's GDP was R$ 20,7 billion (about of US$ 9,59 billions) in 2013,[15] ranks as the richest city in the state, the third in the Central-West region of the country, and the 33rd richest in Brazil (2013). Per capita income was R$24.839 in 2013 (about of US$11,511).[16]EducationPortuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. Educational institutionsThe city has several universities. The most notable ones are:
TransportationInternational AirportThe operation of Campo Grande International Airport is shared with Campo Grande Air Force Base. The airport has two runways. The airport can receive medium-sized jets such as the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320, but occasional operations of larger jets have occurred. Operations are mostly domestic, but there are also a few flights to Bolivia and Paraguay. RailroadCampo Grande is served by a system of railway transport under administration of the Novoeste company, interconnecting with other cities in the state, in a line that goes from Bauru and São Paulo state through Campo Grande all the way to Corumbá and on to Bolivia. This mode of transport has had significant effects on the transport infrastructure, allowing the export of products to other centres of production and consumption. Currently, no passenger services are operated, only freight trains. HighwaysThree main federal highways intersect at Campo Grande. BR-262 links Campo Grande to Corumbá and Bolivia to the west, and the Brazilian State of São Paulo to the east. BR-163 connects Campo Grande to Cuiabá and the Amazon region to the north, and to Dourados (which is {{convert|120|km|0|abbr=off}} from the Paraguayan border) to the south. BR-060 links Campo Grande to the state of Goiás and the national capital city of Brasília to the northeast. There are also several state highways converging there. CultureFestas Juninas were introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese and the custom spread to the rest of the country, including Campo-Grande, where festivities take place with the usual fare of typical foods and decoration, rural costumes, music, dancing, a bonfire, and fireworks. The Campo Grande Film Festival is held annually in the months of January and February since 2004. It focuses on independent cinema, presenting Brazilian and foreign films alike, as well as regional and short films. SportsCar racingThe city has a car racing and a kart racing track. Orlando Moura International Autodrome has a 3,433-metre (11,263 ft.) runway, and Kartódromo Ayrton Senna a 930-metre (3,051 ft.) runway. FootballAs in all of Brazil, the most popular sport in Campo Grande is football. The city has a major football stadium, Estádio Universitário Pedro Pedrossian, popularly known as "Morenão" ("the big brown" in Portuguese, after the city's nickname and the Brazilian custom of often giving names derived of augmentatives to football stadiums). The stadium was opened in 1971 and accommodates up to 45,000 people. There are five other minor stadiums in the city, which occasionally host competition games. The city's main teams are Esporte Clube Comercial and Operário Futebol Clube. Additionally, there are 45 multisport playing fields in the city, in clubs, cultural associations and public squares. Volta das NaçõesVolta das nações is a mini-marathon of 21 km that takes place in the city every October where around 26.4 thousand people participate,[17] including professional athletes from Kenia and other parts of the world. International relations{{Refimprove section|date=March 2015}}{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil}}Twin towns – Sister citiesCampo Grande is twinned with: {{Colbegin}}
References1. ^The European Portuguese pronunciation is {{IPA-pt|ˈkɐ̃pu ˈɣɾɐ̃d(ɨ)|}}. 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf |page=120 |date=July 1, 2011 |trans-title=Population estimates in Brazilian municipalities |title=Estimativas demográficas em municipalidades brasileiras |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Festimativa2011%2FPOP2011_DOU.pdf&date=2011-08-31 |archivedate=August 31, 2011 |df= }} 3. ^Japanese Okinawans in Campo Grande 4. ^Arab descent in Campo Grande 5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026220018/http://br.geocities.com/serraverde/campogrande/imigrantes.html Armenians in Campo Grande] 6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026220018/http://br.geocities.com/serraverde/campogrande/imigrantes.html Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Paraguayan immigration to Campo Grande] 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|title=Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|title=Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-02-19}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sant’Anna Neto|first=João Lima|last2=Andrade|first2=Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação|date=2012|title=Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil|url=https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|journal=Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança|issue=19|pages=33–42|doi=10.14195/1647-7723_19_4|issn=1647-7723}} 10. ^{{cite web| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/136/c01064.htm| title = World Weather Information Service - Campo Grande| accessdate = May 6, 2014| publisher = World Meteorological Organization}} 11. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/BZ/83611.TXT| title = Campo Grande Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = May 6, 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=21638&units=| title = Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Campo Grande| publisher = Weatherbase| accessdate = May 6, 2014}} 13. ^{{citation|ref={{harvid|Parque Estadual Matas do Segredo – IMASUL}}|language=pt |title=Parque Estadual Matas do Segredo|publisher=IMASUL: Instituto de Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso do Sul |url=http://www.imasul.ms.gov.br/conservacao-ambiental/gestao-de-unidades-de-conservacao/unidades-de-conservacao-estaduais/parque-estadual-matas-do-segredo/|accessdate=2016-11-29}} 14. ^{{citation|language=pt|ref={{harvid|Parque Estadual do Prosa (PEP) – IMASUL}} |title=Parque Estadual do Prosa (PEP)|publisher=IMASUL: Instituto de Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso do Sul |url=http://www.imasul.ms.gov.br/conservacao-ambiental/gestao-de-unidades-de-conservacao/unidades-de-conservacao-estaduais/parque-estadual-do-prosa-pep/|accessdate=2017-02-04}} 15. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=500270&idtema=152&search=mato-grosso-do-sul%7Ccampo-grande%7Cproduto-interno-bruto-dos-municipios-2013|title=GDP|publisher=IBGE|location=Campo Grande, Brazil|year=2013|language=Portuguese}} 16. ^{{cite book|title=IBGE |url= http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=500270&idtema=152&search=mato-grosso-do-sul%7Ccampo-grande%7Cproduto-interno-bruto-dos-municipios-2013 |publisher=IBGE|location=Campo Grande, Brazil|year=2013|language=Portuguese}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Em comemoração aos 37 anos de MS, Volta das Nações atrai multidão|url=http://www.voltadasnacoes.ms.sesi.org.br/noticia/em-comemoraaao-aos-37-anos-de-ms-volta-das-naaaes-atrai-multidao/748|website=www.voltadasnacoes.ms.sesi.org.br/|accessdate=21 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153542/http://www.voltadasnacoes.ms.sesi.org.br/noticia/em-comemoraaao-aos-37-anos-de-ms-volta-das-naaaes-atrai-multidao/748|archivedate=21 January 2015|df=}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml |title=International Affairs - Twinnings and Agreements |accessdate=2013-08-06 |last=Pessotto |first=Lorenzo |work=International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico |publisher=City of Torino |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618182559/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml |archivedate=2013-06-18}} External links
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