| 词条 | Crystal Meth Anonymous |
| 释义 |
Crystal Meth Anonymous (CMA) is a California-based non-profit, public-benefit corporation working as a twelve-step program of recovered and recovering crystal meth addicts. Participants in local groups meet in order to help others recover from methamphetamine addiction. CMA advocates complete abstinence from methamphetamine, alcohol, inhalants, and all other psychoactive drugs not taken as prescribed. History and demographicsCMA was founded on September 16, 1994 in West Hollywood, California by Bill Coffey, a member of the 12 step recovery community in Los Angeles for over two decades at the time. The first group held its first meeting at the West Hollywood Alcohol and Drug Center, for which Bill Coffey was on the board of directors.[1] {{As of|2015}}, CMA had a presence in over 100 metropolitan areas of the United States, as well as parts of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Iran.[2] The first CMA World Service Conference was held in Park City, Utah in October 2008, during which the CMA Charter was adopted.[1] The purpose of the conference is to bring together elected delegates from CMA groups from across the world to meet as guardians of the world services and of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of CMA, the same Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions followed by Alcoholics Anonymous. The conference does not act as a governing body of CMA, but rather as the service body for the organization.[3] At the first General Service Conference, the delegates adopted that: The Fellowship of Crystal Meth Anonymous works a Twelve Step program of recovery. We have not felt the need to elaborate in great detail a specific CMA approach to the Twelve Steps: too many other excellent outlines already exist for following these spiritual principles. But our experience has shown that without the Steps we could not stay sober.[1] In 2002, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimated 12 million people, age 12 and over, had used methamphetamine—600,000 of which were estimated to be current users—with a growth rate of approximately 300,000 new users per year.[4] In 2005, a Los Angeles clinic estimated that one out of three gay or bisexual HIV-positive men admitted to using methamphetamine.[4][5] Methamphetamine lowers a user's inhibitions, increasing the likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex and sharing needles.[6] In large metropolitan areas, such as Atlanta, Chicago, Miami and Washington, D.C., many CMA groups are designated as gay, or are {{lang|la|de{{nbsp}}facto}} gay.[10] As CMA's popularity grew, the growth of meetings spread to large non-gay communities such as those in Phoenix and Minneapolis. Effectiveness{{see also|Twelve-step program#Effectiveness |l1=Twelve-step program: Effectiveness}}A self-selected study limited to men who had sex with other men, used meth, and attended CMA, showed that, after three months of participation in CMA, participants reported their number of sexual partners had fallen from seven to less than one, and self-reports of unprotected anal intercourse when using methamphetamine fell by two-thirds.[7] In a six-month follow-up, 20% had used it again once and 64% had remained abstinent.[8][9] Literature
See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.crystalmeth.org/home/for-the-media/cmas-history-of-service.html |title=The CMA History of Service |access-date=2015-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715083254/http://www.crystalmeth.org/home/for-the-media/cmas-history-of-service.html |archivedate=2015-07-15 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crystalmeth.org/cma-meeting.html |title=The CMA Meeting Directory |access-date=2015-07-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715065742/http://www.crystalmeth.org/cma-meeting.html |archivedate=2015-07-15 |df= }} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://conference.crystalmeth.org/conference-charter.html|title=The General Service Conference of Crystal Meth Anonymous - Conference Charter|website=conference.crystalmeth.org|access-date=2016-10-06}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227064223/http://addictionrecov.org/paradigm/issues/paradigmSP06.pdf#page=7 |archive-date=2010-12-27 |url=http://addictionrecov.org/paradigm/issues/paradigmSP06.pdf#page=7 |format=PDF |first=Steven |last=Lee |title=Crystal Methamphetamine: Current Issues in Addiction and Treatment |journal=Paradigm |date=Spring 2006 |access-date=2015-07-09 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 5. ^{{cite journal |last=Worth |first=Heather |last2=Rawstorne |first2=Patrick |title=Crystallizing the HIV epidemic: methamphetamine, unsafe sex, and gay diseases of the will |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |date=2005 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=483–486 |doi=10.1007/s10508-005-6274-9 |issn=1573-2800 |pmid=16211470}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Sanello |first=Frank |title=Tweakers: How Crystal Meth Is Ravaging Gay America |publisher=Alyson Publishing |year=2005 |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-55583-884-3 |oclc=56608054}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Thomas |last2=Chandra |first2=Gopika |last3=Goldstein |first3=Jerome |title=Stimulant Use and HIV Risk Behavior: The Influence of Peer Support Group Participation |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |pages=461–473 |volume=18 |issue=5 |date=2006 |doi=10.1521/aeap.2006.18.5.461 |issn=0899-9546 |pmid=17067256 |quote=With entry into the program, mean reported sexual partners fell from around seven to one per month and the proportion having unprotected anal intercourse declined from 70% to 24%.}} 8. ^1 {{cite conference |first1=Thomas M. |last1=Lyons |last2=Chandra |first2=Gopika |last3=Goldstein |first3=Jerome |date=2006 |conference=Public Health and Human Rights |title=APHA 134th Annual Meeting and Exposition, Crystal Meth Anonymous: Peer support for drug‑related HIV risk reduction |location=Boston |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710190621/http://apha.confex.com/apha/134am/techprogram/paper_141356.htm |archive-date=2015-07-10 |dead-url=no |url=https://apha.confex.com/apha/134am/techprogram/paper_141356.htm |access-date=2015-07-14 |book-title=Conference Proceedings: APHA 134th Annual Meeting and Exposition |df= }} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lyons |first1=Thomas |last2=Chandra |first2=Gopika |last3=Goldstein |first3=Jerome |title=Stimulant Use and HIV Risk Behavior: The Influence of Peer Support Group Participation |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |pages=461–473 |volume=18 |issue=5 |date=2006 |doi=10.1521/aeap.2006.18.5.461 |issn=0899-9546 |pmid=17067256}} Further reading
External links
4 : Methamphetamine in the United States|Addiction organizations in the United States|Twelve-step programs|Mental health organizations in California |
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