| 词条 | Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox government agency | seal = | logo = Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.svg | logo_caption = CMHC logo | formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1946|01|01}} | jurisdiction = | headquarters = Ottawa, Ontario | employees = | budget = | minister1_name = Jean-Yves Duclos | chief1_name = Evan Siddall [1] | chief1_position = President and CEO[1] | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = | website = {{url|https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/}} | agency_name = Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation | superseding = Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation 1946-1979 }}Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) is a Crown Corporation of the Government of Canada.[2] Its superseding agency was established after World War II, to help returning war veterans find housing. It has since expanded its mandate to assist housing for all Canadians.[3] The organization's primary goals are to provide mortgage liquidity, assist in affordable housing development, and provide "unbiased" research and advice to the Canadian government, and housing industry.[4] CMHC is the largest Crown corporation in terms of assets with some {{CAD|252,107,000,000}}[5] as of 2015. AboutCMHC is governed by a board of directors and is accountable to Parliament through the Minister of Families, Children and Social Development. Previously the portfolio was held by the Minister of Employment and Social Development. The board of directors and president are appointed by the Government of Canada. As Canada's national housing agency, CMHC contributes to the stability of the housing market and financial system, provides support to Canadians in housing need, and offers objective housing research and advice to Canadian governments, consumers and the housing industry. HistoryNear the end of World War II, the Canadian government began to worry about the demobilization of thousands of soldiers in Europe, and their re-entrance to Canadian society. With so many people coming back to Canada, a number of problems could arise, one being that there may not be enough housing existing to accommodate the soldiers and their families. As such, on 1 January 1946 Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation was created (changed to "Canada" Mortgage and Housing Corporation in 1979) to house returning war veterans and to lead Canada's housing programs.[6] CMHC's basic functions were to administer the National Housing Act and the Home Improvement Loans Guarantee Act and provide discounting facilities for loan and mortgage companies. The capital of the Corporation was set at $25 million (a substantial amount for the times), and a reserve fund of $5 million authorized to be accumulated from profits. This requirement and capital structure are still in effect today.[7] Toward the end of the 1940s, the Government of Canada embarked on a program of much-needed social and rental housing, creating a federal-provincial public housing program for low-income families, with costs and subsidies shared 75% by the federal government and 25% by the province. In 1947, CMHC took over the assets of Wartime Housing Ltd., another federal Crown corporation that had built thousands of rental housing units for war workers and veterans during the 6 years it was in operation.[8] During the war, Ajax, Ontario, was constructed and operated by Wartime Housing Limited (1941 to 1949) in order to provide much-needed housing for munitions workers and returning veterans. In 1948, CMHC was given responsibility for Ajax. Its biggest challenges in establishing Ajax as a functioning municipality were reimbursing Pickering Township and Ontario County for municipal services provided to Ajax and establishing an official plan for the growing community acceptable to relevant government agencies. After considerable controversy regarding land and water control, CMHC submitted a successful application to the Ontario Municipal Board in May 1950 making Ajax an improvement district. This was the first step toward municipal status.[9] In the 1950s, the federal government, through CMHC, provided grants to cities to encourage them to tear down derelict buildings and build municipally owned housing corporations. Regent Park in Toronto is the first urban renewal project, where 42 acres (17 ha) were cleared to build the 1056-unit, low-rent housing development in 1950. Habitations Jeanne-Mance in Montreal is another example. For further examples, see List of public housing projects in Canada. In 1951, CMHC started implementing the first of many federal-provincial public housing projects with 140 subsidized rent-to-income units in St. John's, Newfoundland. In 1954, the federal government expanded the National Housing Act to allow chartered banks to enter the NHA lending field. CMHC introduced mortgage loan insurance, taking on mortgage risks with a 25% down payment, making home ownership more accessible to Canadians. The banks thereafter began to issue mortgage loans with CMHC underwriting. If the individual receiving the loan went bankrupt then the bank who gave the loan would not lose money, but instead would be reimbursed by the government. As part of CMHC lending and insurance mechanisms, low-risk borrowers would have to pay insurance premiums if they wanted to borrow with small down payments. During the 1960s, CMHC built the first co-operative housing and, for the first time in Canadian history, multi-unit apartment buildings were beginning to outpace housing starts for single-family homes. Through ongoing research with the building industry, CMHC raised Canadian housing standards to be among the best in the world. The construction of Habitat for Expo 67 in Montréal led to many advances in materials and construction. In 1967, CMHC published Canadian Wood Frame House Construction which became an on-site resource for small builders and trades. Preservation of historic neighbourhoods and downtown living became a priority and, in 1973, CMHC oversaw the transformation of Vancouver's Granville Island, a run-down industrial area, into a thriving centre for culture, recreation and tourism. In 1974, CMHC introduced the Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP) to repair substandard homes to a minimum level of health and safety and to improve the accessibility of housing for disabled persons. During that decade, CMHC also turned its attention to Aboriginal and rural housing, introducing the Winter Warmth Assistance Program in 1971, the first of its kind to provide funds to Aboriginals for urgent repairs to housing in rural areas. In the 1980s, the federal government withdrew from the financing of public housing projects. CMHC no longer directed funds to municipalities for the building of housing projects. Some government housing funds and mortgage guarantees since then have been provided for individual projects. The 1990s introduced a new era of science and technology, including the development of FlexHousing™, barrier-free housing, and Healthy Housing™, a concept of energy efficiency and resource conservation in home construction. However, despite these advances, affordability remained a concern, particularly in the early 1990s as a result of the ongoing recession, layoffs and socio-economic uncertainty. CMHC created the Canadian Centre for Public-Private Partnerships in Housing in 1991, aimed at fostering public/private cooperation in housing projects. In 1996, CMHC introduced "emili", an automated insurance underwriting system that moves application approval times from days to seconds—making it easier for Canadian homebuyers to obtain mortgage loan insurance. In 1999, the National Housing Act and the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Act were modified, allowing for the introduction of a 5% down payment—a change launched as a pilot in 1992, extended and finalized in 1999—removing a significant barrier for first-time home buyers. CMHC also expanded its activities internationally and launched the Canadian Housing Export Centre (later renamed CMHC International) to share Canada's housing expertise with the world. Housing affordability received a boost in 2001 through CMHC's introduction of Canada Mortgage Bonds, aimed at ensuring the supply of low-cost mortgage funding and keeping interest low. In 2002, CMHC was recognized for its innovative work, receiving the Conference Board of Canada's National Award in Governance in the Public Sector, presented to boards of directors that have demonstrated excellence in governance and have implemented successful innovations in their governance practices. Homelessness, assisted housing and Aboriginal housing gained more prominence in the first half of the decade. In 2003, the federal-provincial affordable housing program began, with $1 billion in federal expenditure to improve affordable housing supply by an estimated 23,500 units. In 2005, CMHC introduced a 10 per cent "green refund" on mortgage loan insurance premiums for homeowners who buy or build an energy-efficient home, or who make energy-saving renovations to their existing homes.[10] CMHC also introduced two on-reserve loan insurance products during the first half of the decade, enabling Band Councils or Aboriginal persons to access CMHC-insured financing for the construction, purchase or renovation of single-family homes or multiple residential properties, and an insurance pilot designed to increase market housing on-reserve. Mortgage loan insuranceCMHC's mortgage loan insurance products facilitate access to a range of housing options for Canadians and promote and contribute to the stability of the financial system. CMHC's commercial operations contribute to improving the Government of Canada's fiscal position through its net income and income taxes paid. Mortgage loan insurance is mandatory for federally regulated lenders in Canada when the buyer of a home has less than a 20 per cent down payment.[11] This insurance protects the mortgage lender against loss if a borrower defaults, and allows qualified borrowers to access homeownership at interest rates comparable to those offered to buyers with larger down payments. As a public mortgage insurer, CMHC has a mandate to provide service in all parts of the country and for a range of housing forms.[11] A significant portion of CMHC's mortgage loan insurance business is in markets or for housing options that are not served or less served by private mortgage insurers. In addition to being the primary insurer for housing in small and rural communities, CMHC is the only insurer of mortgages for multi-unit residential properties, including large rental buildings, student housing and nursing and retirement homes. Affordable housingCMHC, on behalf of the Government of Canada, invests approximately $2 billion annually to help reduce the number of Canadians in housing need. This includes significant funding for social housing. Ongoing subsidies are provided under 25- to 50-year operating agreements with housing groups who provide affordable housing to those in need. Approximately 80 per cent of the existing social housing portfolio is administered by provinces and territories under long-term agreements with CMHC. The remaining 20 per cent is administered by CMHC and includes the on-reserve portfolio and certain federally funded housing units off-reserve, such as housing cooperatives.[12] Also as part of the $2 billion annual investment, CMHC provides funding to provinces and territories under the Investment in Affordable Housing (IAH).[12] CMHC also supports affordable housing through low-cost loans to federally assisted social housing sponsors seeking to finance new projects on-reserve or to renew existing financing.[12] CMHC's Affordable Housing Centre works with the private, public and non-profit sectors to help develop affordable housing that does not require ongoing federal assistance. First Nations housingThrough CMHC the Government of Canada provides funding each year to address housing needs in First Nation communities. CMHC's funding supports the construction of new rental housing, the renovation of existing homes, ongoing subsidies for existing rental social housing and an investment in capacity building for First Nations people living on-reserve.[13] CMHC's On-Reserve Non-Profit Housing Program assists First Nations in the construction, purchase and rehabilitation, and administration of suitable, adequate and affordable rental housing in First Nations communities. CMHC provides a subsidy to the project to assist with its financing and operation.[13] Policy and researchCMHC facilitates the development and implementation of federal housing policy to help Canadians meet their housing needs. This includes the examination of housing finance trends and policy options for regulations, incentives and securitization tools in the primary and secondary markets; the analysis of distinct housing needs of specific populations such as Aboriginal people, seniors, persons with disabilities, and low-income households, and how these needs can be addressed; and the identification of practical approaches to advancing sustainable technologies and practices in the housing sector.[14] CMHC provides regular housing market analyses and forecasts at the local, provincial and national levels.[14] These activities support informed business decisions, policy development at all levels of government, and housing program design and delivery. The CMHC is also a member of the International Union For Housing Finance, and participates in global research and policy development for housing finance.[15] The CMHC is also the host of the Housing Finance Symposium, an academic event to discuss global housing finance issues.[16][17] SecuritizationThe CMHC engages in securitization of residential mortgages, under the provisions of the National Housing Act.[18] This assists registered banks to be more liberal with lending policies, making it easier for residential buyers to obtain mortgages.[18] CMHC's securitization guarantee programs enable approved financial institutions to pool eligible mortgages and transform them into marketable securities that can be sold to investors, thereby generating funds that can be loaned to residential homeowners. The timely payment of interest and principal on these securities—National Housing Act Mortgage-Backed Securities issued by financial institutions and Canada Mortgage Bonds issued by the Canada Housing Trust—is fully guaranteed by the Government of Canada, through CMHC.[19] CMHC also administers the legal framework for Canadian covered bonds on behalf of the Government of Canada. Introduced in 2012, the framework supports financial stability by helping lenders to further diversify their sources of funding and by attracting more international investors, thus making the market for covered bonds more robust.[19] Recent developmentsAs part of Budget 2016, the Government announced several initiatives that CMHC will be delivering:[20]
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/cogo/cogo_038.cfm |title=Our Management Committee |publisher=Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/hi/index.cfm|title=History of CMHC|date=|publisher=Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation|accessdate=14 November 2014}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/whwedo/index.cfm|title=What CMHC Does {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2017-09-08}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.ontario.ca/mho/en/2017/07/governments-of-canada-and-ontario-support-affordable-housing-in-central-ontario.html|title=Governments of Canada and Ontario Support Affordable Housing in Central Ontario|work=news.ontario.ca|access-date=2017-09-08|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/nero/nere/2016/2016-05-09-1000.cfm|title=CMHC Releases 2015 Annual Report “Why Housing Matters” | date=9 May 2016 | publisher=CMHC|accessdate=26 January 2018}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/hi/index.cfm|title=History of CMHC {{!}} CHMC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/hi/|title=History of CMHC {{!}} CHMC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jill|first=Wade,|date=1984-01-01|title=Wartime Housing Limited, 1941-1947 : an overview and evaluation of Canada's first national housing corporation|url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0096317|doi=10.14288/1.0096317}} 9. ^{{cite journal | title=CMHC in Ajax, Ontario: 1948-1950 | author=McGeachy, Robert | journal=Ontario History | volume=98 | issue=2 | pages=209–224}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/moloin/moloin_008.cfm|title=CMHC — Energy-efficient Housing Made More Affordable with Mortgage Loan Insurance {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/whwedo/whwedo_004.cfm|title=Mortgage Loan Insurance {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 12. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/whwedo/whwedo_005.cfm|title=Affordable Housing {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 13. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/whwedo/whwedo_002.cfm|title=First Nation Housing {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 14. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/whwedo/whwedo_007.cfm|title=Policy and Research {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingfinance.org/members/who-they-are|title=IUHF - Who they are|website=www.housingfinance.org|access-date=2017-09-08}} 16. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.bnn.ca/the-week-ahead-cmhc-s-housing-finance-symposium-whistler-blackcomb-shareholders-vote-on-vail-deal-1.577046|title=The Week Ahead: CMHC's housing finance symposium, Whistler Blackcomb shareholders vote on Vail deal - Article - BNN|date=2016-09-30|work=BNN|access-date=2017-09-08}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/hoficlincl/hoficlincl_006.cfm|title=Housing Finance Symposium {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2017-09-08}} 18. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Dionne|first=Georges|last2=Harchaoui|first2=Tarek M.|date=2003-01-01|title=Banks' Capital, Securitization and Credit Risk: An Empirical Evidence for Canada|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=369501|location=Rochester, NY}} 19. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/whwedo/whwedo_003.cfm|title=Securitization {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/anrecopl/anre/index.cfm|title=CMHC 2015 Annual Report {{!}} CMHC|website=CMHC|access-date=2016-10-19}}
7 : 1946 establishments in Canada|Canadian federal departments and agencies|Canadian federal Crown corporations|Companies based in Ottawa|Government agencies established in 1946|Mortgage lenders of Canada|Housing ministries |
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