“Culture of Philadelphia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The culture of Philadelphia goes back to 1682 when Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. Originally inhabited by the Lenape, Philadelphia was envisioned as a place where people could live without fear of persecution because of their religion. As a result, many Quakers, Mennonites, and others came to find refuge within the city. As Philadelphia grew into a major political and economic center of the United States, many different groups of religions and ethnicities flocked to the city. 19th and 20th century immigration and migration led to large concentrations of Irish, Italians, Germans, Asians, Puerto Ricans and African Americans. Philadelphia is still a major center of immigration, with large Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, East African, Middle Eastern, Indian and Mexican immigrant populations, among others.

The city's cultural prominence has risen and fallen since its founding. The city has made contributions in art, music, television, architecture and food. Philadelphia institutions range from the Philadelphia Museum of Art to Pat's Steaks.

People

Before the first European settlers arrived, the region that would become Philadelphia was inhabited by the Lenape, a group of Native American people. The Lenape occasionally fought with the earliest Dutch settlers, but had much better relations with William Penn and the early inhabitants of the English subjects of the colony of Pennsylvania. Still, disease and development pushed the Lenape west.^[1]

A member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) who had faced religious persecution, Penn envisioned his colony as a place where many groups of people could live together and worship freely. Mennonites, Amish, Moravians and Pietists moved to the area during the 17th century. By the mid-18th century, Quakers and the English had become a minority in the colony as other ethnic groups such as the Welsh, Scots, Finns, African slaves, Irish, and Germans moved to the city.^[2] Lutherans established places of worship as early as the 1720s and in 1748, led by Henry Muhlenberg, founded the Pennsylvania Ministerium.^[3] In 1734 followers of what would become the Schwenkfelder Church arrived in Philadelphia and settled in the region.^[4] The first American Presbytery was founded in 1706 in Philadelphia and a year later in September 1707 the Philadelphia Baptist Association was founded, the oldest Baptist association in the United States.^[5] The city's first Catholic chapel was built in 1733 and the city's first recorded practicing Jew, Nathan Levy, arrived as early as 1735.^[6]

During most of the 19th century, immigrants mainly from Germany, England and Ireland settled in the city. Many of these immigrants were Catholic which fueled anti-Catholic feelings and organizations. In the 1840s Philadelphia became a major base for anti-Catholic Protestant groups which soon led to deadly riots in 1844. However, by the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics had become the largest religion in Philadelphia. During the last decades of the 19th century the origin of immigrants shifted from England, Ireland and Germany to Italy, Russia and Eastern Europe. Italians and Poles helped increase the city's Catholic population, but Jewish immigrants, mainly from Poland, Lithuania, and Russia, were the largest religion to settle in the city during this period. Supplementing the already settled German Jews, the city's Jewish population swelled from 5,000 in 1881 to 100,000 in 1905. Philadelphia's Italian population changed from 300 in 1870 to 77,000 in 1910. Hungarian and Polish immigrants also settled in the city, but in smaller numbers.^[7] In the 20th century political power began to shift from primarily white Protestants to Irish and Italian Catholics and Jews, with the city's first Catholic and Jewish mayors elected in 1963 and 1992 respectively.^[8]

In the second half of the 19th century immigration began from Latin America, mainly from Puerto Rico and Cuba. By the end of the 20th century Puerto Ricans became the largest Latino group in Philadelphia. Starting in the 1950s large numbers of Puerto Ricans settling primarily in North Philadelphia.^[9] Immigrants from China founded Chinatown in the 1870s and 1880s; over the next century, the neighborhood grew into a diverse community with immigrants from many Asian countries.^[10] By the 21st century, Philadelphia's two largest Asian ethnic groups were the Chinese and Koreans. Philadelphia became the earliest recorded East Coast city with a Korean community in the 1880s; early members were largely political exiles supporting Philip Jaisohn.^[11] Immigration from the Middle East to Philadelphia began as early as the 1880s with immigrants primarily from Lebanon. Starting in the 1960s immigrants from other Middle Eastern countries, such as Syria, the Palestinian territories and Iraq moved to the city.^[12] Other immigrants from Asia during the last decades of the 20th century include Indians, Vietnamese and Cambodians. Another community who established an identity in Philadelphia during the 20th century was the gay community. The city's homosexual community is centered in a portion of Washington Square West, nicknamed the "gayborhood" by residents.^[13]

African Americans

The first blacks in Philadelphia were slaves; with at most 1,500 people living as slaves in the city during the period slavery was legal. Slaves in Philadelphia usually lived in the same house of their owners and worked as servants or in their owners' shops. An abolition law in 1780 did not free any existing slaves, but banned the slave trade in Pennsylvania and freed the children of slaves born after the law was passed once they reached a certain age. By the time the law was passed, about 400 slaves and 800 free blacks lived in Philadelphia. Many newly freed slaves and escaped slaves from the South moved to the city, and by 1820 the city's African American population was nearly eleven percent. During this time one former slave, Richard Allen, founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. As the African American population grew, so did white hostility towards them. African Americans were attacked and killed in the street and in their houses during a race riot in 1834, and four years later a state law was passed that prevented African Americans from voting. Abolitionists were also targets; they were prevented from spreading their message, and one of their meeting houses was burned.^[14]

In the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century large numbers of African Americans migrated from the Southern United States to Philadelphia giving the city the largest African American population of a northern U.S. city. In 1896 W. E. B. Du Bois came to Philadelphia and wrote his sociological book The Philadelphia Negro. Du Bois' study of the city's African Americans found many lived in Center City with growing populations in West Philadelphia. Many African Americans lived in neighborhoods near the rich white families they worked for. There was also a small group of upper class African Americans, both educated, wealthy and Philadelphia born, who descended from freedmen earlier in the century. The aristocratic African Americans were generally isolated, not recognized or even known about by the white population and alienated from the rest of the city's African American population.^[15]

As Philadelphia grew more industrialized the new factories refused to hire African Americans, with only about one percent of Philadelphia's African American population finding employment with the factories. In 1899 W. E. B. Du Bois said that ninety percent of the African American population in the city was below the poverty line. White-collar office jobs also refused to hire African Americans and many worked as domestic workers. There were African Americans that did manage to own their own businesses, while other became professionals such as doctors and lawyers. In 1884 Christopher J. Perry founded The Philadelphia Tribune, a newspaper for African Americans.^[15] It wasn't until World War II that factories began hiring African Americans. The Philadelphia Police Department first hired African Americans in 1881 and in the 1950s the first African American promoted to Police Captain was James N. Reaves. Reaves went on to integrate patrol car crews. During the 1950s and 60s the factories and a large portion of the white population left the city. African Americans became the city's largest ethnic group, with most of North Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Germantown and portions of South Philadelphia becoming black neighborhoods. Old black working-class neighborhoods became ghettos filled with vacant lots and houses due to loss of industrial jobs. Starting in the 1970s African Americans began to gain significant independent political influence in city government, with the city's first African American mayor, Wilson Goode, being elected in 1984.^[14] Starting at the end of the 20th century a new wave of immigrants directly from Africa settled in the city. Coming from over thirty different countries there are an estimated 55,000 African immigrants in Philadelphia.^[16]

Philadelphia aristocracy

By the second half of the 18th century Philadelphia had developed an upper-class society. Many of the families that made up the upper class could trace their lineage to the earliest Quaker settlers, though many of these had subsequently joined the Church of England or Presbyterian denominations. The Philadelphia upper class was exclusive; what mattered was a person's family, not a person's wealth. Inheritance was better than self-made wealth. In the late 19th century Mark Twain observed, "In Boston they ask how much does he know. In New York, how much is he worth. In Philadelphia, who were his parents."^[17] A person could not enter Philadelphia society by acquisition of wealth, but their offspring, if they grew up well and married into the right family, could create a new lineage if the family stayed respectable.^[18]

In the 18th century the wealth had been built on shipping, trade, and real estate. Despite the later generations' inheritance they were expected to pursue a career. The acceptable careers in Philadelphia were medicine and law, with insurance, banking, and brokerage next in line on the ladder of acceptability. Running the family business was also acceptable especially if it related to iron and steel making, coal, and the railroads. Beyond their careers, the Philadelphia elite strived to have a seat on a board, particularly as the chairman of the board. Business boards such as the boards for the Pennsylvania Railroad and Philadelphia Savings Fund Society were important, but so were charitable, institutional, cultural and social boards.^[19]

The Philadelphia upper class engaged in fox hunting, race horse breeding, attending balls and lavishly entertaining in their townhouses or mansions.^[17] The elite also joined exclusive clubs such as the State in Schuylkill and the Philadelphia Union League. The upper class started with mansions in Old City, but through the 18th and 19th centuries upper class gradually moved west through Center City until the end of the 19th century when much of the upper class moved to large mansions along the Pennsylvania Main Line. The Philadelphia aristocracy lasted well into the 20th century but by the end of the century the old rich families were overwhelmed by the new rich. By the late 20th century, membership in the upper class was defined less by ancestry, and organizations such as the Union League began to accept limited numbers of Jews, Catholics, and African Americans.^[13]

Art

Fine art

Before the American Revolution the upper class increasingly began to support the arts, particularly through a demand for portrait paintings. The demand for portraits made Philadelphia attractive to artists and many came to the city, including William Williams who introduced oil painting to another Philadelphia artist, Benjamin West. In 1805 an art collector, believing Philadelphia the best place for the encouragement of artistic taste, offered the city numerous paintings, sculptures, engravings and other art work. To accept the gift the city formed the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The Academy, the oldest art school and museum in the United States, helped establish many artists. Portraitist Charles Willson Peale and sculptor William Rush helped found the Academy of the Fine Arts and artists such as Thomas Eakins, Henry Ossawa Tanner and some of the members of the Philadelphia Ten studied there.^[20] The city's major art museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art was founded in 1876 to maintain the art exhibits from the Centennial Exposition. The museum holds over 225,000 pieces of artwork including work by Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, and Marcel Duchamp.^[21] Not far from the Museum of Art is the Rodin Museum. The museum, founded in 1929, is the largest collection of Auguste Rodin work outside France.^[22] Planned nearby is a new museum intended to hold the collection of the Barnes Foundation. In 1923 Albert C. Barnes was outraged that his collection of paintings by Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso and Amedeo Modigliani was so poorly received by Philadelphians when put on display at the Academy of the Fine Arts that Barnes removed the collection and housed it in a building in Merion, Pennsylvania where Barnes enjoyed denying access to most Philadelphians. The controversial decision in 2002 to, against Barnes' wishes expressed in his will, move the collection to Philadelphia was based on financial reasons.^[23] In 1991, to promote Old City art galleries, the Old City Art Association began First Fridays. On the first Friday of every month, Old City galleries hold a collaborative open house night.^[22]

Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city.^[24] The inclusion of decorative art in Philadelphia structures goes back to the 19th century. In 1872, the Fairmount Park Art Association was created, the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning.^[25] The Association is responsible for the art along the Schuylkill River drives. In the late 1950s, the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority included a clause in its development contracts requiring that at least one percent of construction budget be allocated to fine art. In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a U.S. city.^[26] The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.^[27]

Philadelphia has more murals than any other U.S. city. In 1984, the Department of Recreation created the Mural Arts Program. The program, an extension of the city's Anti-Graffiti Network, is intended to beautify neighborhoods and also provide an outlet for graffiti artists. The Mural Arts Program, which became independent from the Anti-Graffiti Network in 1996, has funded more than 2,300 murals created by professional, staff and volunteer artists. The program also runs art education programs and tours of the murals.^[22]

Music

Music began to be a major part of city life in the middle of the 18th century. Organs began to appear in non-Quaker churches and the city staged its first opera, The Beggar's Opera. The city's musical scene grew in the 19th century with the music of William Henry Fry, and the founding of the Musical Fund Society which began underwriting concerts in 1820. The Musical Fund Society begat the Academy of Music in 1857, which now hosts the Philly Pops, the Pennsylvania Ballet and the Opera Company of Philadelphia.^[28]

Founded in 1900, the Philadelphia Orchestra, once called Philadelphia's "chief contribution to civilization" by Lawrence Gilman of the New York Herald, rose to prominence with conductors Leopold Stokowski and Eugene Ormandy in the middle of the 20th century.^[29] The orchestra's home was the Academy of Music until the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts opened in 2001.^[22]

The city developed an early jazz scene with many future luminaries, such as John Coltrane and Charlie Biddle, coming out of Philadelphia. In 1952, WFIL-TV premiered Bandstand which, in a few years, would become American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark. The national success of the show led to rise of local music labels such as Swan Records, Cameo-Parkway and Chancellor Records. The 1960s saw the development of Philadelphia soul, led by producers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff.^[30] Towards the end of the century Philadelphia artists made contribution to Hip hop music with artists such as DJ Jazzy Jeff, Will Smith, The Roots, and Schoolly D.^[31] Philadelphia is also a cultural center for rock music, with multiple nationally recognized rock music radio stations, including WMMR, the now-shuttered WYSP, and others. The city is a top tour venue for rock musicians.

More recently, Philadelphia has been home to a number of acclaimed independent alternative musicians. Dr. Dog, The War on Drugs, Kurt Vile, Nothing (band), Philadelphia Slick, Alex G, and Beach Slang all call Philadelphia their home.

Performing arts

In Philadelphia's early history the city was visited by outside theater troupes, but experienced some resistance from conservatives and Quakers who tried to restrict performances. The creation of the Southwark Theater in 1766 marked the permanent presence of theater in Philadelphia. Theatrical performances were banned during the American Revolution, but when the ban was repealed in 1784 theater returned and another theater, the Chestnut Street Theater, opened a decade later.^[32] Over the next century a number of other theaters opened in the city including the Walnut Street Theatre and the Forrest Theater. Philadelphia produced several major theater actors, including Edwin Forrest, John Drew, and several members of the Barrymore family.^[33] The Philadelphia Theater Company, founded in 1974 and specializes in new American plays, used to perform in the Plays and Players Theatre but moved into the Suzanne Roberts Theatre on the Avenue of the Arts in 2007.^[34] Other modern theaters include the Arden Theater Company, the Wilma Theater, Lantern Theater Company, and the University of the Arts' Merriam and Arts Bank theaters. The University of Pennsylvania puts on productions at the Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts, the Irvine Auditorium and the Iron Gate Theater. African American themed plays are put on at the Freedom Theater and the Bushfire Theater. Other theater companies include the Adrienne, the InterAct Theater Company, the Venture Company, the Mum Puppet Theater and the new play development conference PlayPenn. Every year the Philadelphia Shakespeare Festival performs three Shakespeare plays.^[35]

There are an estimated 120 theater organizations in the Philadelphia area.^[35] The Theatre Alliance of Greater Philadelphia was formed in 1990 form its predecessor, the Performing Arts League of Philadelphia, to promote local theater; since 1994, the organization has presented the annual Barrymore Awards for Excellence in Theater to theater productions in the area.^[36]

Film and television

On December 18, 1895 Charles Francis Jenkins showed off his film projector at the Franklin Institute. It was the first demonstration of moving pictures using flexible film in Philadelphia. A week later Woodville Latham's eidoloscope was shown to Philadelphia audiences. German immigrant and optician, Siegmund Lubin, was impressed with the technology and bought Jenkins' camera. In Philadelphia he filmed his first film, his horse eating hay. Lubin continued to make films in Philadelphia, now showing them commercially, and built his own cameras and projectors which he marketed. He eventually created a production company, Lubin Manufacturing Company, in 1902. Shortly afterwards Lubin opened up some of the cities first movie theaters and in 1905 Jules Mastbaum opened the city's first Nickelodeon.^[41] Lubin Studios shut down in 1917 and through most of the 20th Century Philadelphia had an almost non-existent film industry. In 1985 the Greater Philadelphia Film Office was created as part of the city government, and, in 1992, it became a regional economic office.^[42] Since 1992 the GPFO, which promotes the Philadelphia region and helps coordinate film productions, has assisted in the making of over 200 films and television shows. Between 1992 and 2002 film productions have brought in US$500 Million to the city's economy.^[22] In 2007 MovieMaker Magazine named Philadelphia the second-best American city to make a movie in. The magazine cites local talent, cost of living and help provided by the Philadelphia Film Office as reasons. Several months after the MovieMaker Magazine article, Pacifica Ventures announced that it will be opening a film studio in the Philadelphia area in 2008.^[43] Every year Philadelphia hosts the Philadelphia Film Festival and the Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The Philadelphia Asian American Film Festival started in October 2008.

In the early 1930s Philco Corp. founded Philadelphia's first experimental television station, W3XE. That station became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and in 1941 the station became WPTZ-TV after it was granted Philadelphia's first commercial license. By the late 1940s WPTZ, which would eventually become CBS owned and operated KYW-TV, was joined by WCAU-TV and WFIL-TV, now WPVI-TV.^[44] In succeeding decades, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, WTXF-TV and WPSG-TV joined the Philadelphia market. According to Nielsen Media Research Philadelphia has the fourth largest media market in the U.S.^[45] Major shows that were broadcast out of Philadelphia include American Bandstand, Double Dare and The Mike Douglas Show.

Cuisine

Philadelphia is the home of many culinary institutions, both gourmet and local staples. The city's immigrant history has allowed many tastes to mix and develop. The cheesesteak, created in Philadelphia in the 1930s, is a well known city icon. A popular Philadelphia argument is which of two cheesesteak rivals has the best steaks, Pat's Steaks, which invented the cheesesteak, and Geno's Steaks. Italian ice (often referred to exclusively as "water ice" in the Philadelphia area) and soft pretzels were not invented in Philadelphia, but because of their popularity and availability have become Philadelphia staples.^[46] Irish potato candy is a popular Philadelphia confection that is especially popular around St. Patrick's Day.^[47]

During the 18th century city taverns such as the London Coffee House and Tun Tavern (birthplace of the United States Marine Corps in 1775) were regular meeting places for the political and business leaders. Another tavern frequented by politicians is McGillin's Olde Ale House^[48]

, which is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city.^[49] In the late 19th century two Philadelphia landmarks were created, the Reading Terminal Market and Italian Market which sell all types of food and other commodities. The early 20th century saw the creation of the first automat in the United States on Chestnut Street and the founding of the Tasty Baking Company. For most of the 20th century fine dining could only be found in private clubs or dinner parties, but with the beginning of the city's revival in the 1970s a restaurant renaissance began.^[50] Starting with Le Bec-Fin in 1970 many upscale restaurants have sprung up in the popular neighborhoods. Philadelphia has since added over 150 fine dining establishments, famously including the several upscale trendy restaurants of Stephen Starr^[51] as well as dozens of sidewalk cafes and trendy bars. Such a renaissance has led to an acclamation of Philadelphia as a world-class "food city".{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=January 2015}}

Philadelphia's large Chinese, Vietnamese, and East African populations have made their marks on Philadelphia's dining scene. Philly Chinatown is home to first-class Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and Malaysian foods. South Philly has many Vietnamese and Chinese restaurants, and West Philly is home to multiple East African restaurants, including four Ethiopian restaurants. Philadelphia also has numerous Indian and Middle-Eastern restaurants in Center City and West Philly.

Grassroots culture

Not every Philadelphian eats out or goes to the theater, but most Philadelphians participate in local and community activities and organizations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Block parties and yard sales abound on weekends. Philadelphia has vibrant local markets, such as the biweekly market in Clark Park at 43rd and Baltimore, where local farmers sell produce and artists and antique collectors show their wares. Philadelphia is also home to food cooperatives such as West Philly's Mariposa.

Environmental preservation and maintaining local connections are important to many Philadelphia communities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Many Philadelphians choose bikes over cars, and car-rental organizations like PhillyCarShare have reduced the number of cars in the city.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Philadelphia has a thriving horticultural community and numerous community gardens.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Philadelphia has a long history of graffiti culture.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The Philadelphia Anti-Graffiti Network, which gave way to the Mural Arts Project, has reduced the incidence of graffiti, but South Street is full of graffiti, and writers still perform their craft, legally and illegally, on walls throughout the city.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Philadelphia has thriving non-profits in all areas of community service. Books Through Bars, which collects books to distribute at prisons, started in Philadelphia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Philadelphia is home to one of the largest National Network for Abortion Funds (NNAF) and the Women's Medical Fund.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Philly Fellows, started in 2005, have been focusing efforts on "building capacity in the non-profit sector." Philadelphia also has important faith-based organizations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Annual fairs and events

Philadelphia holds many annual festivals and events. One of the most famous is the Mummers Parade. The first modern version of the parade was held in 1901 and is held every year on New Year's Day.^[52] The Saint Patrick's Day Parade, which is popular with the city's large Irish population,^[53] is the second oldest parade in the United States.^[54] There is also the annual Puerto Rican Day Parade, held in the city for over 50 years.^[55] Since 1993 every summer around the July 4th holiday, the multi-day Welcome America event celebrates Philadelphia as the birthplace of the United States. Three major annual shows in Philadelphia are the Philadelphia Flower Show in March, the Philadelphia International Auto Show in February and the Philadelphia Antiques Show in April.

Major events include the Greek Picnic, a reunion and celebration of African American college fraternities and sororities. Another event, the Wing Bowl is an eating contest started in 1993. Festivals include the Philadelphia Folk Festival and Unity Day an event celebrating unity between people and families. PrideFest events promote LGBT rights. In September, the 16-day Philadelphia Live Arts Festival and Philly Fringe highlights experimental art, performances and exhibits throughout the city.^[56]

Philadelphia in fiction

The city has been featured in literature, film and television. One of the first novels set in Philadelphia was 1845's The Quaker City, or The Monks of Monk Hall by George Lippard Based on real 1843 events and depicting seduction and violence, the novel sold 60,000 copies in less than a year.^[57] Other novels set entirely or partially in the city include John Edgar Wideman's Philadelphia Fire: A Novel, the Old Philadelphia Mystery book series, and Jonathan Franzen's The Corrections. The 2006 anthology Philly Fiction included 19 short stories set in Philadelphia by modern authors.

Among Philadelphia's iconic films is Rocky, filmed largely in the city. Others include Philadelphia, a film about AIDS discrimination; and two films set in the city's 1930s high society, The Philadelphia Story and Kitty Foyle. Filmmaker M. Night Shyamalan has set many of his films in or around Philadelphia, including The Sixth Sense and Unbreakable. Television shows that take place in Philadelphia include thirtysomething, Boy Meets World, Cold Case, Hack, The Class, and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, among others.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |last=Avery|first=Ron | title = A Concise History of Philadelphia | publisher = Otis Books | year = 1999 | location = Philadelphia | pages = 10–12, 22 | isbn = 0-9658825-1-9 }}
2. ^{{cite book |last=Brookes |first=Karin |author2=John Gattuso |author3=Lou Harry |author4=Edward Jardim |author5=Donald Kraybill |author6=Susan Lewis |author7=Dave Nelson |author8=Carol Turkington |editor=Zoë Ross |title=Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings |edition=Second Edition (Updated) |year=2005 |publisher=APA Publications |isbn=1-58573-026-2 |page=24 }}
3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.elca.org/communication/timeline/17.html | title=ELCA Family History | publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America | accessdate=2007-09-10 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082827/http://www.elca.org/communication/timeline/17.html | archivedate=2007-09-29 | df= }}
4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.centralschwenkfelder.com/history.htm | title=Schwenkfelder History | publisher=Schwenkfelder Church | accessdate=2007-09-10 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812015657/http://www.centralschwenkfelder.com/history.htm | archivedate=2007-08-12 | df= }}
5. ^{{cite journal | first=David | last=O'Reilly | date=August 6, 2007 | title=In the beginning, the Philadelphia Baptists | journal=The Philadelphia Inquirer }}
6. ^{{cite book | author =Weigley RF (eds) |title=Philadelphia: A 300-Year History |year=1982 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-01610-2 |pages=47–50 }}
7. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 356, 488 - 491
8. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 678
9. ^{{cite web | title=Latino Philadelphia: Our Journeys, Our Communities | work=Pennsylvania Ethnic History | publisher=The Historical Society of Philadelphia | url=http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=251 | accessdate=2008-01-01 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817083332/http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=251 | archivedate=2007-08-17 | df= }}
10. ^{{cite web | title=Chinese | work=Pennsylvania Ethnic History | publisher=The Historical Society of Philadelphia | url=http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=81 | accessdate=2008-01-01 }}
11. ^{{cite web | title=Korean | work=Pennsylvania Ethnic History | publisher=The Historical Society of Philadelphia | url=http://hspapp06.hsp.org/node/2432 | accessdate=2008-01-01 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130704024701/http://hspapp06.hsp.org/node/2432 | archivedate=2013-07-04 | df= }}
12. ^{{cite web | title=Arab Americans | work=Pennsylvania Ethnic History | publisher=The Historical Society of Philadelphia | url=http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=82 | accessdate=2008-01-01 }}
13. ^¹Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, pages 39, 58 - 59
14. ^¹A Concise History of Philadelphia, pages 81 - 87
15. ^¹Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 491 - 492
16. ^{{cite web | title=African Immigrant Experience | work=Pennsylvania Ethnic History | publisher=The Historical Society of Philadelphia | url=http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=95 | accessdate=2008-01-01 }}
17. ^¹A Concise History of Philadelphia, pages 27 - 28
18. ^{{cite book |last=Burt |first=Nathaniel |title=The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy |year=1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-1693-8 |pages=41–42 }}
19. ^The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy, pages 69 - 70, 219
20. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 89, 245 - 247
21. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.philamuseum.org/information/45-19.html | title=An Overview of the Museum's History | publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art | accessdate=2006-09-26 }}
22. ^¹²³⁴Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, pages 73, 76, and 77
23. ^{{cite journal | first=Randy | last=Kennedy | date=April 28, 2005 | title= Arts, Briefly; A Victory for the Barnes | journal=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/28/arts/arts-briefly-a-victory-for-the-barnes.html | format= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020222714/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E1DB1031F93BA15757C0A9639C8B63 |archivedate=2012-10-20}}
24. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.visitphilly.com/music-art/public-art/ | title=Public Art | publisher=Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation }}
25. ^{{cite journal | first=Joanne | last=Aitken |date=2 September 2004–8 | title=Forget Paris | journal=City paper | url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-09-02/cityspace.shtml}}
26. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.publicartreview.org/pdf/wetenhall.pdf | title=About A Brief History of Percent-For-Art in America | last= Wetenhall | first=John | format=PDF | publisher=Public Art Review | accessdate=2006-09-24 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901030011/http://www.publicartreview.org/pdf/wetenhall.pdf| archivedate = September 1, 2006}}
27. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.phila.gov/visitors/arts_office.html#contact | title=Office of Art and Culture | publisher=Phila.gov | accessdate=2006-09-24 }}
28. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 91, 345
29. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 631 - 632
30. ^{{cite book | last=Unterberger | first=Richie | year=1999 | title=The Rough Guide: Music USA | publisher=Rough Guides Ltd. | isbn=1-85828-421-X | pages = 67–76 }}
31. ^{{cite book |last=Anthony Neal |first=Mark |author2=Murray Forman |title=That's the Joint!: The Hip-Hop Studies Reader |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-96918-2 |pages=142, 150 }}
32. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 81, 191 - 192
33. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pages 249, 341, 515
34. ^{{cite journal | first=Lisa | last=Chamberlain | date=October 17, 2007 | title=A Third Act for Philadelphia's Avenue of the Arts | journal=The New York Times | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/realestate/commercial/17philly.html?n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Building%20Construction }}
35. ^¹Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, pages 71 - 73, 287 - 288
36. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.theatrealliance.org/about.html | title=About the Theater Alliance: Mission & History | publisher=Theater Alliance of Greater Philadelphia | accessdate=2006-09-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060911000352/http://www.theatrealliance.org/about.html| archivedate = September 11, 2006}}
37. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 96
38. ^Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, page 286
39. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.philadanco.org/History.htm | title=Phildanco: History | publisher=Philadelphia Dance Company | accessdate=2006-09-28 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060224203314/http://www.philadanco.org/History.htm |archivedate = February 24, 2006}}
40. ^http://www.koreshdance.org/
41. ^{{cite book | last=Eckhardt | first=Joseph P. | year=1997 | title=The King of the Movies: Film Pioneer Siegmund Lubin | publisher=Associated University Presses | isbn=0-8386-3728-0 }}
42. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.film.org/about/ | title=About the GPFO | publisher=Greater Philadelphia Film Office | accessdate=2006-09-26 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060827134500/http://www.film.org/about/| archivedate = August 27, 2006}}
43. ^{{cite journal | first=Carrie | last=Rickey | date=August 8, 2007 | title=Movie studio planned for area | journal=The Philadelphia Inquirer | url=http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/movies/20070808_Movie_studio_planned_for_area.html}}
44. ^{{cite journal | first=Todd | last=Bishop | date=January 7, 2000 | title=The Media: One revolution after another | journal=Philadelphia Business Journal | url=http://philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2000/01/10/story3.html}}
45. ^{{cite journal | first=Larry | last=Eichel | date=June 28, 2007 | title=Census hits city where it counts | journal=The Philadelphia Inquirer | url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/home_top_stories/20070628_Phoenix_left_us_in_the_dust_.html }}
46. ^Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, pages 85 - 88
47. ^Oh Ryan's Irish Potatoes
48. ^{{cite web| title =2002 Politics PA Restaurant Guide| work =PoliticsPA| publisher =The Publius Group| date =| url =http://www.politicspa.com/FEATURES/2002RestaurantGuide.htm| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20030202110309/http://politicspa.com/FEATURES/2002RestaurantGuide.htm| archivedate =2003-02-02| deadurl =yes| df =}}
49. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mcgillins.com/history.htm | title=McGillin's History | publisher=McGillin's Olde Ale House | accessdate=June 26, 2015}}
50. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 716
51. ^{{cite web|title=Philadelphia Restaurants|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/pennsylvania/philadelphia/restaurants.html|website=Fodor's Travel|accessdate=1 January 2015}}
52. ^Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, page 81
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://globalphiladelphia.org/communities/european |title=Global Philadelphia |accessdate=June 24, 2015 |publisher=Global Philadelphia Association }}
54. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.philadelphiastpatsparade.com/ | title=Philadelphia's St. Patrick's Day Parade | publisher=The St. Patrick's Day Observance Association | accessdate=2006-09-23 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004023719/http://philadelphiastpatsparade.com/ | archivedate=2006-10-04 | df= }}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visitphilly.com/events/philadelphia/puerto-rican-day-parade/ |title=Annual Puerto Rican Day Parade |accessdate=June 24, 2015 |publisher=Visit Philadelphia }}
56. ^Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings, pages 74 - 75
57. ^Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, page 335