词条 | Cursorial |
释义 |
A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run. There are different ways of distinguishing cursorial organisms; for example, they can be distinguished by feeding habits so that a horse is a cursorial grazer and a wolf a cursorial predator. Cursorial organisms are typically adapted to long-distance running at high speeds, rather than animals with high acceleration over short distances; thus, a leopard is considered cursorial, while a cheetah is not. Among vertebrates, animals under 1 kg of mass are rarely considered cursorial, as they typically move in a series of short bursts rather than at a constant speed. All extant cursorial vertebrates are endothermic, allowing high metabolic rates and high endurance, though it is possible some extinct species were ectothermic. Some species of spiders are also considered cursorial, as they walk much of the day, looking for prey. Cursorial adaptationsTerrestrial vertebrates{{uncited section|date=September 2018}}Adaptations for cursorial locomotion in terrestrial vertebrates include:
SpidersSpiders maintain balance when walking, so that legs 1 and 3 on one side and 2 and 4 on the other side are moving, while the other four legs are on the surface. To run faster, spiders increase their stride frequency.[1] Cursorial taxaSeveral notable taxa are cursorial, including some mammals (such as wolverines and wolves, ungulates, agoutis, and kangaroos) and birds (such as the ostrich), as well as some dinosaurs (such as theropods, and Heterodontosauridae). Several extinct archosaurs were also cursorial, including the crocodylomorphs Pristichampsus, Hesperosuchus, and several genera within Notosuchia. Jumping spiders and other non-web based spiders generally walk throughout the day, so that they maximize their chances of a catch,[2] and web-based spiders run away if threatened.[3] In evolutionary theoryThe presumed cursorial nature of theropod dinosaurs is an important part of the ground-up theory of the evolution of bird flight (also called the Cursorial theory), a theory that contrasts with the idea that birds' pre-flight ancestors were arboreal species and puts forth that the flight apparatus may have been adapted to improve hunting by lengthening leaps and improving maneuverability.{{cn|date=May 2017}} See also
References1. ^{{cite book | last=Anderson| first=D. T. | title=Invertebrate Zoology | year=1998 | publisher=Oxford University Press Australia | isbn=0-19-553941-9 | edition=1 | editor=D. T. Anderson | chapter=The Chelicerata | page=328}} 2. ^{{cite journal | last=Forster | first=Lyn M. | title=Some factors affecting feeding behaviour in young Trite auricoma spiderlings (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |date=Nov 1977 | volume=4 | pages=435–442 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWznrYjY53cC&pg=PA435&dq=%22Phidippus+clarus%22#v=onepage&q=%22Phidippus%20clarus%22&f=false | accessdate=24 April 2011 | publisher=The Royal Society of New Zealand | doi=10.1080/03014223.1977.9517967 | issue=4}} 3. ^{{cite book | last1=Wilcox | first1=R. Stimson | last2=Jackson | first2=Robert R. | editor1-last=Balda |editor1-first=Russell P. | editor2-last=Pepperberg |editor2-first=Irene Maxine |editor2-link=Irene Pepperberg | editor3-last=Kamil |editor3-first=Alan C. | title=Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field | year=1998 | publisher=Academic Press | isbn=978-0-12-077030-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=504iRS01AK0C&pg=PA411&dq=%22portia+fimbriata%22+%22sri+lanka%22+#v=onepage&q=%22portia%20fimbriata%22%20%22sri%20lanka%22&f=false | accessdate=23 May 2011 |chapter=Cognitive Abilities of Araneophagic Jumping Spiders | page=418}} 1 : Evolutionarily significant biological phenomena |
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