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词条 Cyclopterus lumpus
释义

  1. Description

  2. Biology

  3. Fishery

  4. Population status

  5. Uses

  6. References

{{Taxobox
| image = Jielbeaumadier poisson gris 2 paris 2014.jpeg
| image_caption = Adult at the Dorée Tropical Aquarium
| image2 = Cyclopterus lumpus (juvenile).jpg
| image2_caption = Juvenile
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Chordata
| classis = Actinopterygii
| ordo = Scorpaeniformes
| familia = Cyclopteridae
| genus = Cyclopterus
| genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| species = C. lumpus
| binomial = Cyclopterus lumpus
| binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
}}Cyclopterus lumpus, the lumpsucker or lumpfish, is a species of marine fish in the family Cyclopteridae (lumpsuckers). It is the only member of the genus Cyclopterus.[1] It is found in the North Atlantic and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, ranging as far south as Chesapeake Bay (rare south of New Jersey) on the North American coast and Spain on the European coast.[2]

Description

Males typically reach {{convert|30|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length and the larger females rarely surpass {{convert|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|5|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} in weight.[3] The maximum is {{convert|61|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|9.5|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} in weight.[2] In the brackish water of the Baltic Sea it usually does not surpass {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.[3] The body is ball-like. It has a knobbly, ridged back and three large bony tubercles on each flank. Its pelvic fins form suction discs which it uses to attach strongly to rocks or other surfaces. The head and the pectoral fins of males are larger than those of females. It has a jelly-like layer of fat under the skin. Its colour is highly variable; bluish, greyish, olive, yellowish or brownish.[4] Mature males turn orange-reddish during the breeding season.[4]

Biology

After hatching, lumpfish will spend their first few months in tidal pools,[5] or in association with floating seaweed clumps.[6] As they grow they migrate out into open water far from land where they live in the pelagic zone[7] feeding upon gelatinous zooplankton, fish eggs and small crustaceans.[8] When they reach maturity they will migrate to coastal areas in spring to breed. The population spawns over many months with a single female laying 50,000–220,000 eggs which are laid in two batches of roughly equal size 1–2 weeks apart.[9][10][11] The eggs are between 2.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter and the ovary can account for up to one third of the weight female fish before spawning.[11] The female will lay the eggs in a nest area pre-selected by the male, which will usually consist of a rocky outcrop or boulders on the seabed.[12] The nest is in relatively shallow water (<10 m) and may even be in the intertidal zone.[12] The male also guards and cares for the eggs by fanning them with his fins during the month-long incubation period.[12]

Several aspects of their biology (i.e. lack of a swimbladder, its pelvic suction disc) led some to believe that they were a bottom dwelling species.[13] Lumpfish are frequently caught in pelagic fishing nets,[7][14] however, capture in bottom trawls is also common.[15][16] An investigation using electronic data-storage tags attached to the fish have confirmed that, at least during its breeding migration, this fish will spend time associated with the sea bed, and also some time in the pelagic zone.[17] As the fish came close to breeding, they began to spend a greater amount of time in the pelagic zone. With the lack of a swim bladder, the fish were able to make rapid movements through the water column, moving between surface waters and depths of over {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} within one day. Data from research surveys and data-storage tags show that adult lumpfish alter their behaviour between night and day with the fish spending more time in the pelagic zone at night and found associated with the seabed during the day, the reasons for this are unclear.[15][17] This fish is now considered to be a semi-pelagic/semi-demersal fish.

Fishery

Landings of lumpfish roe varied from approximately 2000-8000 tonnes from 1977-2018. In recent years, Iceland and Greenland have been the two largest fishing nations in regards to lumpfish and account for >95% of the global catch[18][19]. Historically, Norway and Canada also contributed significant amounts but due to a decrease in the price of salted roe, and a severe population decline in Canada,[20] the contribution from these countries has decreased[18]. Denmark and Sweden have also contributed but the amount has been low in comparison with the other countries.[19] Female fish are the main target for the fishery which utilizes the roe to make lumpfish caviar.[19] Lumpfish are targeted close to the shore, where they come to spawn, using small fishing boats (generally less than {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) with large mesh gillnets.[19] Due to the smaller size of the male, very few are caught in the large meshes. Traditionally, the roe would be removed at sea and the bodies disposed of. In Iceland, it is now mandatory for the bodies to be landed;[21] these are now frozen and exported, mainly to China.

In Iceland, there is also the tradition of catching the male fish, mainly for the local market. This is done using gillnets with a smaller mesh size than that used for the females. The males are targeted in January–February, which is earlier than the females which are targeted from March until August.

Population status

In both Iceland and Norway, the population is monitored using data from scientific surveys and is currently above the long term average and considered to be healthy. In Greenland, no survey data is available and data on fishing effort and landings are monitored. The time series is short for this population however appears to be stable. The population in Canada appears to be depleted and the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has classified this as threatened. There is a lack of data to reliably assess the abundance of lumpfish in the North Sea or Baltic Sea thus the population status of this area is unknown. The fishery in Greenland and Norway was certified by the Marine Stewardship Council in 2015 and 2017 respectively with these certifications being valid for 5 years. The fishery in Iceland was certified in 2014 but this was suspended in 2018 due to issues surrounding bycatch.

Uses

The roe of the fish, a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, is used to produce relatively inexpensive imitation "caviar". The roe is removed from the fish and processed to remove connective tissue. The roe is stored in large barrels where it is salted. The roe is dyed either red or black and packed with a mould inhibitor such as sodium benzoate (E211).[22] In Scandinavia the flesh of the fish is eaten.[2]

They are used as "cleaner fish" to reduce the parasite burden on salmon farms in Scotland and Norway[23]

References

1. ^{{FishBase genus | genus = Cyclopterus | month = July | year = 2012 }}
2. ^1 2 {{FishBase | genus = Cyclopterus | species = lumpus | month = July | year = 2012 }}
3. ^1 Muus, B., J. G. Nielsen, P. Dahlstrom and B. Nystrom (1999). Sea Fish. pp. 180–181. {{ISBN|8790787005}}
4. ^1 Kells, V., and K. Carpenter (2011). A Field Guide to the Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas. pp. 192–193. {{ISBN|978-0-8018-9838-9}}
5. ^{{Cite journal| last = Mocheck| first = A. D.| date = 1973| title = Spawning behaviour of the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus L.| url = | journal = Journal of Ichthyology| issue = 13| pages = 615–619| doi = | pmid = | access-date = }}
6. ^{{Cite journal| last = Ingólfsson| first = Agnar| date = 2000-12-01| title = Colonization of floating seaweed by pelagic and subtidal benthic animals in southwestern Iceland| journal = Hydrobiologia| language = en| volume = 440| issue = 1–3| pages = 181–189| doi = 10.1023/A:1004119126869| issn = 0018-8158}}
7. ^1 {{Cite journal| last = Holst| first = Jens Christian| date = 1993-08-01| title = Observations on the distribution of lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.) in the Norwegian Sea| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016578369390136U| journal = Fisheries Research| volume = 17| issue = 3–4| pages = 369–372| doi = 10.1016/0165-7836(93)90136-U}}
8. ^{{Cite journal| last = Davenport| first = J.| date = 1985| title = Synopsis of biological data on the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus (Linnaeus, 1758)| url = | journal = FAO Fisheries Synopsis| issue = 147| doi = | pmid = | access-date = }}
9. ^{{cite thesis|last=Myrseth|first=Bjørn|title=Fekunditet, vekst, levevis og ernæring hos Cyclopterus lumpus L.|date=1971|degree=MSc|publisher=University of Bergen|url=|doi=|language=Norwegian|type=|chapter=|docket=|oclc=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hedeholm|first=Rasmus Berg|last2=Post|first2=Søren|last3=Grønkjær|first3=Peter|date=2017-12-01|title=Life history trait variation of Greenland lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) along a 1600 km latitudinal gradient|journal=Polar Biology|language=en|volume=40|issue=12|pages=2489–2498|doi=10.1007/s00300-017-2160-x|issn=0722-4060}}
11. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=J.|date=2018-01-31|title=Oocyte size distribution reveals ovary development strategy, number and relative size of egg batches in lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus)|journal=Polar Biology|volume=41|issue=6|language=en|pages=1091–1103|doi=10.1007/s00300-018-2266-9|issn=0722-4060}}
12. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Goulet|first=Denis|last2=Green|first2=John M.|date=1988-11-01|title=Reproductive success of the male lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) (Pisces: Cyclopteridae): evidence against female mate choice|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2513–2519|doi=10.1139/z88-373|issn=0008-4301}}
13. ^{{Cite book| title = The fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe| last = Wheeler| first = A.| publisher = Macmillan| year = 1969| isbn = 978-0333059555| location = London| pages = }}
14. ^{{Cite journal| last = Eriksen| first = Elena| last2 = Durif| first2 = Caroline M. F.| last3 = Prozorkevich| first3 = Dmitry| date = 2014-11-01| title = Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in the Barents Sea: development of biomass and abundance indices, and spatial distribution| url = http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/71/9/2398| journal = ICES Journal of Marine Science| language = en| volume = 71| issue = 9| pages = 2398–2402| doi = 10.1093/icesjms/fsu059| issn = 1054-3139}}
15. ^1 {{Cite journal| last = Casey| first = Jill M| last2 = Myers| first2 = Ransom A| date = 1998-10-01| title = Diel variation in trawl catchability: is it as clear as day and night?| journal = Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences| volume = 55| issue = 10| pages = 2329–2340| doi = 10.1139/f98-120| issn = 0706-652X}}
16. ^{{Cite journal| last = Wienerroither| first = R.| date = 2011| title = Atlas of the Barents Sea fishes| url = | journal = IMR/PINRO Joint Report| doi = | pmid = | access-date = }}
17. ^1 {{Cite journal| last = Kennedy| first = James| last2 = Jónsson| first2 = Sigurður Þ.| last3 = Ólafsson| first3 = Halldór G.| last4 = Kasper| first4 = Jacob M.| date = 2015-12-23| title = Observations of vertical movements and depth distribution of migrating female lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in Iceland from data storage tags and trawl surveys| url = http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/12/23/icesjms.fsv244| journal = ICES Journal of Marine Science| volume = 73| issue = 4| language = en| pages = 1160–1169| doi = 10.1093/icesjms/fsv244| issn = 1054-3139}}
18. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=James|last2=Durif|first2=Caroline M. F.|last3=Florin|first3=Ann-Britt|last4=Fréchet|first4=Alain|last5=Gauthier|first5=Johanne|last6=Hüssy|first6=Karin|last7=Jónsson|first7=Sigurður Þór|last8=Ólafsson|first8=Halldór Gunnar|last9=Post|first9=Søren|title=A brief history of lumpfishing, assessment, and management across the North Atlantic|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=76|pages=181–191|language=en|doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsy146|year=2019}}
19. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal| last = Johannesson| first = J.| date = 2006| title = Lumpfish cavier - from vessel to consumer| url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0685e/a0685e00.htm| journal = FAO Fisheries Technical Paper| volume = 485| doi = | pmid = | access-date = }}
20. ^{{Cite journal| last = DFO| date = 2011| title = Assessment of Lumpfish in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (3Pn, 4RST) in 2010| url = | journal = DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec., Sci., Advis. Rep.| volume = 2011/005| doi = | pmid = | access-date = }}
21. ^{{Cite journal| last = Marine Stewardship Council| date = 2014| title = Icelandic Gillnet Lumpfish Fishery| url = https://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/fisheries-in-the-program/certified/north-east-atlantic/icelandic-gillnet-lumpfish/assessment-downloads| journal = Public Certification Report| doi = | pmid = | access-date = 2 March 2016}}
22. ^{{cite book|first1=Yiu H.|last1=Hui|title=Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTjysvUxB8wC|year=2006|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-9849-0|pages=161–9}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=http://lochduart.com/cleaner-fish-what-do-they-do/|title=Cleaner fish – what do they do? - Loch Duart Salmon|date=2017-06-08|work=Loch Duart Salmon|access-date=2017-07-05|language=en-US}}
{{Commons category|Cyclopterus lumpus}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q30066}}

6 : Fish described in 1758|Commercial fish|Cyclopteridae|Fish of the Atlantic Ocean|Fish of the Baltic Sea|Fish of the North Sea
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