| 词条 | Cyme (Aeolis) | |
| 释义 |
|native_name = Κύμη |conventional_long_name = Cyme |common_name = Cyme |era = Classical Antiquity |government_type = Tyranny |year_start = 8th century BC |year_end = 241 BC |event1 = Colony established |date_event1 = c. 700 – 600 BC |event2 = Persian Conquest |date_event2 = 542 BC |event3 = Ionian Revolt |date_event3 = 499 BC – 493 BC |event4 = Macedonian Empire |date_event4 = 336 – 323 BC |event5 = Attalid dynasty |date_event5 = 241 BC – 133 BC |event6 = Roman Republic |date_event6 = 133 BC |p1 = Greek Dark Ages |flag_p1 = Phylakopi flying fish.jpg |s1 = Kingdom of Pergamon |flag_s1 = Bergama 20 06 07.jpg |image_coat = Kyme-01.jpg |image_caption = |symbol_type = Silver tetradrachm of Cyme, 165–140 BC |image_map = Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png |image_map_caption = Map of Asia Minor showing the location of Kyme |capital = Kymi |common_languages = Aeolic, Ionic Greek |religion = Greek Polytheism |category= }} Cyme ({{lang-el|Κύμη or Κύμη Αιολίδας}}, Cyme of Aeolis) (modern Turkish Nemrut Limani) or Cumae was an Aeolian city in Aeolis (Asia Minor) close to the kingdom of Lydia. The Aeolians regarded Cyme as the largest and most important of their twelve cities, which were located on the coastline of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey).{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} As a result of their direct access to the sea, unlike most non-landlocked settlements of the ancient world, trade is believed to have prospered. LocationBoth the author of the 'life of Homer' and Strabo the ancient geographer, locate Cyme north of the Hermus river on the Asia Minor coastline, modern-day "Nemrut Limanı"(in Turkish)
Archaeological finds such as coins give reference also to a river, believed to be that of the Hyllus.[1] HistoryEarly historyLittle is known about the foundation of the city to supplement the traditional founding legend. Kyme was the largest of the Aiolian cities. According to legend, it was founded by the Amazon Kyme. The Amazons were a mythical tribe of warlike women from Pontos (or variously from Kolchis, Thrace or Skythia), who fought against Greek heroes. Ancient coins from Cyme often depict the head of Kyme wearing a taenia with the reverse featuring a horse prancing - probably in allusion to the prosperous equine industry of the region.[2] Alternatively, settlers from mainland Greece (most likely Euboea) migrated across the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age as waves of Dorian-speaking invaders brought an end to the once mighty Mycenaean civilization some time around 1050 BC. During the Late Bronze Age and early Greek Dark Ages, the dialect of Cyme and the surrounding region of Aeolis, like that of neighboring island Lesbos, closely resembled the local dialect of Thessalia and Boetia in continental Greece.[3] The colony was founded after the Trojan War by Greeks from Locris, central Greece, who began by reducing the Pelasgian citadel of Larisa near the river Hermus[4] Cyme prospered and developed into a regional metropolis and founded about thirty towns and settlements in Aeolis. The Cymeans were later ridiculed as a people who had for three hundred years lived on the coast and not once exacted harbor taxes on ships making port.[5] Hesiod's father is said to have started his journey across the Aegean from Cyme.[6] The cities of southern Aeolis in the region surrounding Cyme occupied a good belt of land with rough mountains in the background, yet Cyme like other colonies along the coast did not trade with the native Anatolians further inland, who had occupied Asia Minor for thousands of years.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Cyme consequently played no significant role in the history of western Asia Minor, prompting the historian Ephorus, 400-330 BC, himself a native of the city, to comment repeatedly in his narrative of Greek history[7] that while the events he wrote about were taking place, his fellow Cymeans had for centuries sat idly by and kept the peace. He may, however, have been unaware of the significance of the city's links to Phrygia and Lydia through two Greek princesses, Hermodike I and Hermodike II and their role in popularising the written Greek alphabet and coined money, respectively.
Politically, Cyme is assumed{{who|date=March 2014}} to have started as a settler democracy following in the tradition of other established colonies in the region although Aristotle concluded that by the 7th and 6th centuries BC the once great democracies in the Greek world (including Cyme) evolved not from democracies to oligarchies as was the natural custom but from democracies to tyrannies.[9] 5th century BCBy the 5th century BC, Cyme was one of the 12 established Ionian colonies in Aeolis.[4] Herodotus (4.138) mentions that one of the esteemed voters deciding whether or not to support Militiades the Athenian in his plan to liberate the Ionian Coast from Persian rule in (year BC) was Aristagoras of Cyme. Aristagorus campaigned on the side of Histiaeus the Milesian with the tyrants Strattis of Chios, Aeaces of Samos and Laodamas of Phocaea in opposing such an initiative arguing instead that each tyrant along the Ionian Coast owed their position to Darius King of Persia and that liberating their own cities would encourage democracy over tyranny. Cyme eventually came under the control of the Persian Empire following the collapse of the Lydian Kingdom at the hands of Cyrus the Great. Herodotus is the principal source for this period in Greek history and has paid a great deal of attention to events taking place in Ionia and Aeolis. When Pactyes, the Lydian general, sought refuge in Cyme from the Persians the citizens were between a rock and a hard place. As Herodotus records, they consulted the Greek god Apollo (supporting the claim that they were of Ionic not eastern culture), who said after much confusion through an oracle that he should be handed over. However, a native of Cyme questioned Apollo's word and went back to the oracle himself to confirm if indeed Apollo wanted the Cymians to surrender Pactyes. Not wanting to come to grief over the surrender of Pactyes, nor wanting the ill-effects of a Persian siege (confirms Cyme was a fortified city capable of self-defence) they avoided dealing with the Persians by simply sending him off to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, not far from their city. In his Histories, Herodotus makes reference to Cyme (or Phriconis) as being one of the cities in which the rebel Lydian governor Pactyes sought refuge, following his attempted rebellion against the Persian King Cyrus the Great:[10] c.546 BC
After the Persian naval defeat at Salamis, Xerxes moored the surviving ships at Cyme. Before 480 BC, Cyme had been the principle naval base for the Royal Fleet.[11] Later accounts of Cyme's involvement in the Ionian Revolt which triggered the Persian Wars confirm their allegiance to the Ionian Greek cause. During this time, Herodotus states that due to the size of the Persian army, Darius the Great was able to launch a devastating three-pronged attack on the Ionian cities. The third army which he sent north to take Sardis was under the command of his son-in-law Otanes who promptly captured Cyme and Clazomenae in the process. However, later accounts reveal how Sandoces, the supposed Ionian governor of Cyme helped draft a fleet of fifteen ships for Xerxes I great expedition against mainland Greece c. 480 BC. Cyme is also believed to have been the port in which the Persian survivors of the Battle of Salamis wintered and lends considerable weight to the argument that Cyme was not only well served by defensive walls, but enjoyed the benefits of a large port capable of wintering and supplying a large wartime fleet. As a result, Cyme, like most Ionian cities at the time was a maritime power and a valuable asset to the Persian Empire. Once Aristagoras of Miletus roused the Ionians to rebel against Darius, Cyme joined the insurrection. However, the revolts at Cyme were quelled once the city was recovered by the Persians.[12] Sandoces, the governor of Cyme at the time of Xerxes, commanded fifteen ships in the Persian military expedition against Greece (480 BC). Herodotus believes that Sandoces may have been a Greek.[13] After the Battle of Salamis, the remnants of Xerxes's fleet wintered at Cyme.[14] Thucydides does not provide any significant mention of place is hardly more than mentioned in the history of Thucydides.[15] Roman and Byzantine eraPolybius records that Cyme obtained freedom from taxation following the defeat of Antiochus III, later being incorporated into Roman Asia province.[16] During the reign of Tiberius, the city suffered from a great earthquake, common in the Aegean.[17] Other Roman sources such as Pliny the Elder mention Cyme as one of the cities of Aeolia[18] which supports Herodotus' similar claim:[19]
It was assigned to the Roman province of Asia Prima. Ecclesiastical historyDuring the Eastern Roman Empire, Cyme became a bishopric, which was a suffragan of the Metropolitan of Ephesus. Titular seeThe diocese was nominally restored in 1894 as a Latin titular see. It is vacant, having had the following (non-consecutive) incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopa) rank :
ArchaeologyArchaeologists first started taking an interest in the site in the middle of the 19th century as the wealthy landowner D. Baltazzi and later S. Reinach began excavation on the southern necropolis. In 1925, A. Salaç, working out of the Bohemian Mission, uncovered many interesting finds, including a small temple to Isis, a Roman porticus and what is believed to be a 'potter's house'. Encouraged by their successes, Turkish archaeologist E. Akurgal[20] began his own project in 1955 which uncovered an Orientalising ceramic on the southern hill. Between 1979-1984, the Izmir Museum carried out similar excavations at various locations around the site, uncovering further inscriptions and structures on the southern hill. Geophysical studies at Cyme in more recent years, have given archaeologists a much greater knowledge of the site without being as intrusive. Geomagnetic surveys of the terrain reveal additional structures beneath the soil, as yet untouched by excavations.
Numismatics
It is possible that the mythical figure of Midas was based on a real king of Phrygia in the 8th century BC known as Mita.[27] However, as with all fables, there is a problem with the dates. Coins were not invented until 610 BC by King Alyattes in Lydia[28] whose kingdom started well after the Phrygian kingdom collapsed. His Lydian Lion was most likely the oldest coin type circulated. There were some pre-coin types, with no recognisable image, used in the Ionian city of Miletus and the island of Samos[29] but it is noteworthy that the coins from Cyme, when first circulated around 600-550 BC, utilised the symbol of the horse - tying them to the house of Agamemnon and the glory of the Greek victory over Troy. Cyme, being geographically and politically close to Lydia, took their invention of 'nobleman's tax-tokens' to the citizens - thus making Cyme's rough incuse horse head silver fractions, Hemiobols, a candidate for the title of the Second Oldest coins - and the first used for retailing on a large-scale basis by the Ionian Greeks, which quickly spreading Market Economics through the rest of the world.[30] For an excellent timeline graphic showing the progression from pre-coin, to lion, to horsehead imagery on the earliest coins, see Basic Electrum Types.[29] Damodice may still have been instrumental in striking the coinage of Cyme as both Aristotle and Pollux attribute this to her but may have been confused with whether she married a later 7th or even 6th century Midas.[31] The river god Hermos, horse with their forefoot raised and victorious athletes are typical symbols commonly found on period coinage minted at Cyme.[32] Ancient coins from Cyme often depict the head of the Amazon Kyme wearing a taenia with the reverse featuring a horse prancing - probably in allusion to the prosperous equine industry of the region.[33] TriviaCyme was the birthplace of the historian Ephorus (c. 400 – 330 BC). Hesiod's father, according to the poet (Op. et D. 636), sailed from Cyme to settle at Ascra in Boeotia; which does not prove, as such compilers as Stephanus and Suidas suppose, that Hesiod was a native of Cyme. References1. ^Forvm Ancient Coins, The Collaborative Numistimatics Project: Aeolis Catalogue 2. ^Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World, Wayne Sayles, 2007, pg88 3. ^1 Panhellenes at Methone: Graphê in Late Geometric and Protoarchaic Methone, edited by Jenny Strauss Clay, Irad Malkin, Yannis Z. Tzifopoulos, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2017, pg154 4. ^1 P. Mack Crew, J.B. Bury, I.E.S Edwards, C.J. Gadd, John Boardman, N.G.L. Hammond. Cambridge Ancient History: c.1800-1380 B.C. Volume II, Part 2: c. 1380-1000 B.C. Cambridge University Press, 1975. 5. ^The Book of Greek and Roman Folktales, Legends, and Myths, Princeton University Press, 2017, William Hansen, pg400 6. ^Works and Days, 635ff. 7. ^A Treatise on my Country, on the history and antiquities of Cyme 8. ^Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology, Martin Nilsson, 1983 Univ of California Press, pg48. 9. ^Aristóteles (edited by Trevor J. Saunders). Politics. Oxford University Press, 1999. 10. ^Herodotus. Histories, 1.157. 11. ^Pierre Briant and Peter T. Daniels. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns, 2006. 12. ^Herodotus. Histories, v. 38, 123. 13. ^Herodotus. Histories, vii. 194. 14. ^Herodotus. Histories, viii. 130. 15. ^Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, iii. 31, viii. 31, 100. 16. ^Polybius, xxii. 27; Liv. xxxviii. 39. 17. ^Tacit. Ann. ii. 47. 18. ^Pliny the Elder, v. 30. 19. ^Herodotus. Histories, 1.149. 20. ^1 "Quartiere residenziale sulla collina sud" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415192754/http://www.misart.it/hpmisart/monumento.cfm?idmissione=11&idmonumento=114 |date=2007-04-15 }}. 21. ^https://www.livescience.com/7513-date-determined-eclipse-homer-odyssey.html 22. ^http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/trojan-war 23. ^https://www.ancient.eu/image/1365/ 24. ^History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, Volume 1, By Karl Otfried Müller, Baldwin & Cradock, 1840, pg44 25. ^The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology, Martin Persson Nilsson, University of California Press, 1972, pg48 26. ^Annals of Commerce, Manufactures, Fisheries, and Navigation, with Brief Notices of the Arts and Sciences Connected with Them. Containing the Commercial Transactions of the British Empire and Other Countries ... with a Large Appendix ... with a General Chronological Index ... 1805 ... by David Macpherson. In Four Volumes. Vol. 1.(-4.), Volume 1, pg 16 27. ^https://www.ancient.eu/midas/ 28. ^http://oldestcoins.reidgold.com/article.html 29. ^1 http://www.glebecoins.net/electrum/Early_Electrum/Basic_Electrum_Types/basic_electrum_types.html 30. ^M. Mitchiner, Ancient Trade and Early Coinage, Hawkins Publications, London, 2004, p. 214 31. ^Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East: Sites, Cultures, and Proveniences, Oscar White Muscarella, BRILL, 2013, pg705 32. ^Catalogue of Greek Coinage (Wildwinds): Cyme Mint{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 33. ^Wayne Sayles, 2007, ibid Sources
External links
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