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词条 Dahabshiil
释义

  1. History

  2. Somali money transfer industry

  3. Company overview

     Branches and transfer network  Products and services  Community investment  Compliance 

  4. Controversies

     Guantanamo Bay detainee   Unfair advantage through ties with the government   Website shutdown  Bell Pottinger  Hussein et al v. Dahabshiil 

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Infobox company
|name = Dahabshiil
دهب شيل
|logo =
|foundation = {{start date |1970}} Burao, Somalia by Hajji Mohamed Saeed Dualeh
|location_city = Dubai
|location_country = United Arab Emirates
|key_people = Abdirashid Duale
|industry = Money transfer
|products =
|num_employees = over 2000 worldwide in 144 nations
|revenue = Unknown
|homepage = {{URL|www.dahabshiil.com}}
}}Dahabshiil ({{lang-so|Dahabshiil}}, {{lang-ar|دهب شيل}}) is an international funds transfer company headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[1] Formed in the early 1970s, the firm operates from over 24,000 outlets and employs more than 2,000 people across 126 countries. Currently company is co-owned by daughter Maryam Abdi [2] It provides financial services to international organisations, as well as to both large and small businesses and private individuals.[3][4][5] The company is also involved in numerous community building projects in Somaliland.[3] It is the largest money-transfer business in Africa.[6]

History

Dahabshiil (meaning "Gold smelter"[1]) was founded in 1970 by Mohamed Said Duale, a Somali entrepreneur based in Burao, the capital city of Togdheer province in the modern-day Somaliland.[7]

Initially a general trading enterprise, the firm began specialising in remittance broking during the 1970s, when many Somali males from Somaliland migrated to the Gulf States for work. This resulted in a growing demand for services to transfer money from those migrant workers back to their families.[1][8]

Because of foreign exchange controls imposed by the Somali government at the time, most of the funds were transferred via a trade-based system known as Franco Valuta (FV); the latter process involved the import of goods, proceeds from the sale of which were sent to migrants’ families.[9] These transactions formed the bulk of Dahabshiil's business throughout the 1980s.[10]

With the Somali Civil War fast approaching, the Duale family were among the hundreds of thousands who retreated to the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region in neighbouring Ethiopia. The business in Somaliland collapsed, but Duale was able to draw on an extensive network of contacts in the Gulf to re-establish the venture, setting up a small office in Ethiopia to serve displaced Somali communities there and in Djibouti.[11]

In 1989, Dahabshiil opened its first office in London, where a number of Somalis had arrived during the war. The UK arm was managed by Mohammed Duale's son, Abdirashid Duale, who began to expand the business as the Somali population in the UK grew.[12]

Somali money transfer industry

Funds transfer services have become a large industry in Somaliland.[4] Estimates of the aggregate value of remittances from the Somali diaspora back to the home country vary. However, a recent study by the United Nations Development Programme suggested a figure of around $1.6 billion, sent largely by emigrants in the US, Europe and the Gulf region.[13][14] Industry experts estimate that Dahabshiil handles around two-thirds of all remittances to Somali-speaking regions.[15]

Most of the Somali money transfer operators (MTOs) are credentialed members of either the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organisation that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA). Besides Dahabshiil, Somali MTOs include Qaran Express, Mustaqbal, Amal Express, Kaah Express, Hodan Global, Olympic, Amana Express, Iftin Express and Tawakal Express. A unique feature of these Somali funds transfer companies is that they all charge lower commission fees than their Western counterparts; typically around 5% for sums of up to $1,000, a range encompassing the vast majority of Somali household remittances. For amounts greater than $1,000, Somali MTOs charge commissions of 3% to 4%, significantly lower than Western Union's 7.1% fee and MoneyGram's 7.2% fee for sending similar amounts to Ethiopia. Charges for the remittance of charity funding vary between 0% and 2%.[5]

Accounting for almost a quarter of household income in Somaliland, funds remitted by the Somali diaspora have helped to sustain communities in some of the most remote locations in the Horn of Africa.[13][16] With around 40% of households receiving such assistance from relatives working abroad, remittances have proved significant in promoting private sector activity in telecoms, transport and housing, as well as in basic infrastructure, health and education.[16][17] It has also been argued that the inflow of such foreign-based capital has helped keep the Somali shilling afloat and offset depreciatory and inflationary pressures.[18]

Company overview

Branches and transfer network

Dahabshiil is the largest of the Somali money transfer operators (MTOs), having captured most of the market vacated by Al-Barakaat. The firm has its headquarters in Dubai and employs more than 2,000 people across 144 countries, with 130 branches in Somaliland, a further 130 branches in the United Kingdom, and 400 branches globally.[19][20][21] Its worldwide network comprises more than 24,000 agent and branch locations, and the company offers both SMS notification and 24-hour online transfers.[22][23]

Products and services

Remittance transfer remains Dahabshiil's core business, but the company has diversified to offer financial services to international organisations, businesses and private individuals.[24] Most of the major international development organisations operating in Somaliland use Dahabshiil to transfer funds, including the UN, WHO, World Bank, Oxfam, Save the Children and Care International.[25]

In 2008, Dahabshiil acquired a majority stake in Somtel, a Somaliland-based telecommunications firm specializing in high speed broadband, mobile internet, and mobile phone services.[26][27] The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector.[28][29]

In early 2009, Dahabshiil opened an Islamic bank, Dahabshil Bank International, in Djibouti.[30] An international bank, DBI provides services to business and private clients demanding Shariah-compliant financing.[31] Operations centre on asset finance, partnership finance and lease finance.

That same year, Dahabshiil teamed up with leading Somali retailers, hotels, restaurants, and petrol stations to launch ‘Dahabshiil eCash’, Somaliland's first debit card service.[32][33]

Community investment

Dahabshiil invests 5% of its annual profits in community projects aimed at improving schools, hospitals, agriculture and sanitation services.[25] It also sponsors a number of social events, including the Somali Week Festival and the Somali Youth Sports Association in the UK, which help to promote understanding and cooperation through Somali art and culture and sport, respectively.[34] After the tsunami of 2005, the company helped provide immediate relief to the people in the regions of Somalia that were most affected.[35] In 2009, the firm also donated $20,000 toward the establishment of a state-of-the-art mental health facility in Garowe, the administrative capital of the northeastern Puntland region of Somalia.[36]

Compliance

Dahabshiil's services are managed according to international regulations to combat terrorism, money laundering and other illegal activities.[37]

The firm is a member of the International Association of Money Transfer Networks (IAMTN), the UK Money Transmitter Association and the USA Money Transmitter Association, and is fully compliant with AML (Anti Money Laundering) regulations.[26][38]

In 2010, Dahabshiil became the first international payments firm to achieve authorisation from the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA), under the Payment Services Regulations of that year which demand the highest standards of security, customer protection, transparency and speed of delivery.[39]

In May 2013, Barclays announced its decision to end the banks business relationship with Dahabshiil, citing a lack of "strong anti-laundering governance structures." The decision was delayed after British lawmakers lobbied Barclays.[40] In July 2013, Mo Farah, the Somali-born Olympic gold medalist, joined legislators and activists in a campaign urging Barclays Bank to repeal its decision to withdraw from the UK remittance market.[41] On 5 November 2013, the High Court in London granted an interim injunction preserving the banking arrangement between Dahabshiil and Barclays until the conclusion of a full trial.[42] Judge Launcelot Henderson described Barclays' decision to terminate Dahabshiil's account as "unfair", and requested a detailed examination into the reasons behind the bank's decision.[43]

Controversies

Guantanamo Bay detainee

In February 2009, Peter Finn writing in The Washington Post, cited allegations that Guantanamo captive Mohammed Sulaymon Barre, while working for Dahabshiil, may have laundered money for terrorists. He suggested this was an example of the difficulties that faced the joint task force US President Barack Obama had put in place to conduct new reviews of the detainees' status.[44]

Unfair advantage through ties with the government

Ever since Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud was elected for president in 2010, certain Somali journalists and political groups have been accusing him of providing Dahabshiil with unfair advantage and complete control over Somali remittances, which play a significant role on the local economy.[45] These allegations are often based on the fact that Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud has appointed Ali H. Hassan, who is Dahabshiil's founder cousin, as the chief of cabinet, and Sa’ad Haji Ali Shireh, the former CEO of the firm as a minister[46]

Website shutdown

In 2011, a group of independent Somali journalists alleged that Dahabshiil had temporarily succeeded in convincing their web-host to shut down their site because they had published stories critical of the firm.[47] They published a copy of a letter faxed to their webhosting service, demanding the removal of over a dozen of their articles about Dahabshiil.[48] The reporters also suggested one of the stories Dahabshiil wanted removed concerned a song by popular Somali singer Saado Ali Warsame that was critical of Dahabshiil.[47]

Bell Pottinger

In 2011, an undercover investigation by The Independent suggested that public relations firm Bell Pottinger had been contracted by Dahabshiil to minimise any negative reporting of the company, including the Guantanamo Bay detainee affair.[49] The Bell Pottinger executives detailed their techniques, which purportedly included manipulating the ranking of Google search results to suppress unwanted coverage, and also boasted that they had a 'team' that could manage Wikipedia articles. The contract was said to have been a success.[50]

Hussein et al v. Dahabshiil

On 9 December 2015, the son of killed Somali artist Saado Ali Warsame filed a lawsuit against Dahabshiil in US federal court. The plaintiff Harbi Hussein claims that the company bankrolled the assassination of his mother and other Al-Shabaab terror. The 24-page complaint filed in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York[51] traces Ali's musical career, her opposition to the former military junta and outspoken criticism of the company which entailed publishing a song where it referred to Dahabshiil as "Blood Smelter" as opposed to its original meaning, "Gold Smelter".[52]

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/running-a-thriving-money-transfer-business-from-somalia/4118/ |title=Running a thriving money transfer business from Somalia |publisher=How we made it in Africa |date=5 October 2010 |accessdate=2011-12-10 |quote=Dahabshiil, a Somali word reportedly meaning gold smelter, was born as a result of Somalia’s civil war, when those living outside the country had to send money to their relatives and friends back home. |author=Jaco Maritz |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905042159/http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/running-a-thriving-money-transfer-business-from-somalia/4118/ |archivedate=5 September 2011 |df=dmy }}
2. ^{{cite news| url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/afae0e64-8630-11e0-9e2c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1NaW6lBKi| title = Money man serves the Somali diaspora| work = Forbes| date = 24 May 2011| accessdate = 2011-12-10| author = Katrina Manson| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110527030032/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/afae0e64-8630-11e0-9e2c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1NaW6lBKi| archivedate = 27 May 2011| deadurl = yes| df = dmy-all}}
3. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |title=Decades of community service recognised with award |publisher=Tower Hamlets Recorder |date=13 May 2010 |accessdate=2011-12-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.threcorder.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Ftowerhamlets%2Frecorder%2Fnews%2Fstory.aspx%3Fbrand%3DREConline%26category%3DnewsTowerHam%26tBrand%3Dnorthlondon24%26tCategory%3Dnewstower%26itemid%3DWeED13%2520Apr%25202010%252010%253A02%253A08%253A730&date=2011-12-10 |archivedate=10 December 2011 |df=dmy }}
4. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.forbescustom.com/EmergingMarketsPgs/AbdirashidDualeInterviewP1.html |title=Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people |work=Forbes |accessdate=2011-12-10 |author=Paul Trustfull |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106131406/http://www.forbescustom.com/EmergingMarketsPgs/AbdirashidDualeInterviewP1.html |archivedate=6 January 2012 |df=dmy }}
5. ^1 UK Somali Remittances Survey
6. ^{{cite news|title=Transfer window: An African money-transfer firm with big ambitions|url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21674798-african-money-transfer-firm-big-ambitions-transfer-window|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=The Economist|date=17 October 2015}}
7. ^Matthew Saltmarsh [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/africa/12remit.htm "Somalis’ Money Is Lifeline for Homeland"], The New York Times (11 November 2009).
8. ^Overseas Development Institute
9. ^COMPAS Publications{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia5.htm|title=Red Beret Reign of Terror|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-08-30}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2011/feb/dahabshiil_provides_vital_remittances_says_bbc.aspx|title=Dahabshiil Provides Vital Remittances, Says BBC|website=www.hiiraan.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-30}}
12. ^Harowo {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817171356/http://harowo.com/2010/04/15/dhabshiil-recieves-mayors-award-for-40-years-of-exelence-in-community/ |date=17 August 2011 }}
13. ^1 United Nations Development Programme {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525004137/http://www.so.undp.org/index.php/Download-document/195-som.html |date=25 May 2011 }}
14. ^United Nations Industrial Development Organization
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://mobilemoneyafrica.com/?p=2181|title=Mobile Money Africa|website=mobilemoneyafrica.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-30}}
16. ^1 The Norwegian Council for Africa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724023021/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/19954 |date=24 July 2011 }}
17. ^World Bank Social Development Papers
18. ^"Business in Somalia: Commerce amid chaos. Canny traders adapt to anarchy", The Economist (10 February 2011).
19. ^{{cite web|title=Dahabshiil|url=http://www.dahabshiil.com/|accessdate=14 April 2015}}
20. ^UK Somali Remittance Survey
21. ^[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Dahabshiil-Helps-Strengthen-prnews-437021702.html?x=0&.v=1 Yahoo! Finance]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
22. ^International Association of Money Transfer Networks
23. ^Odindo Ayieko All Africa "Somalia: Amid the Chaos, Money Transfer is Booming Business", allafrica.com (20 September 2010).
24. ^{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201104070943.html|title=Dahabshiil Provides Vital Remittances, says BBC|date=2011-04-07|work=Dahabshiil (Dubai)|access-date=2017-08-30}}
25. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20100703112342/http://www.tabj.co.za/features/july10_features/abdirashid_duale.html "Entrepreneur Spotlight: Abdirashid Duale"], The African Business Journal (July 2010).
26. ^1 International Association of Money Transfer Networks {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009182803/http://www.iamtn.org/content/somalia-opportunity-mobile-money-transfers |date=9 October 2011 }}
27. ^[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Dahabshill-CEO-Abdirashid-prnews-1916932163.html?x=0 Yahoo! Finance]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.techchange.org/2010/09/09/paving-the-way-for-a-cashless-society-somaliland-and-mobile-banking/|title=Paving the Way for a Cashless Society: Somaliland and Mobile Banking|last=Turner|first=Caitlin|website=TechChange|access-date=2017-08-30}}
29. ^Monty Munford [https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/05/guest-post-could-tiny-somaliland-become-the-first-cashless-society/ "Guest Post: Could Tiny Somaliland Become the First Cashless Society?"], TechCrunch.com (5 September 2010).
30. ^Financial Technology Africa{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
31. ^Somali Directory {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324191546/http://www.somalidirectory.net/biz/business-news/3-dahabshiil-receives-djibouti-central-bank-license-to-offer-banking-services.html |date=24 March 2012 }}
32. ^"eCash service launched in Somalia", mobilemoneyafrica.com (1 November 2009).
33. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8330569.stm | work=BBC News | title=Somalis get first-ever debit card | date=28 October 2009}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |title=Decades of community service recognised with award |publisher=Tower Hamlets Recorder |date=13 April 2007 |accessdate=3 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy }}
35. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbescustom.com/EmergingMarketsPgs/AbdirashidDualeInterviewP1.html|title=Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people|last=Trustfull|first=Paul|work=Forbes|date=|accessdate=3 June 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106131406/http://www.forbescustom.com/EmergingMarketsPgs/AbdirashidDualeInterviewP1.html|archivedate=6 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}
36. ^Puntland leader launches welfare agency {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024151636/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_leader_launches_welfare_agency_printer.shtml |date=24 October 2013 }}
37. ^Somaliland JNA
38. ^Harowo {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817171722/http://harowo.com/2011/02/16/dahabshiil-helps-strengthen-somali-currency-says-the-economist/ |date=17 August 2011 }}
39. ^[https://www.fsa.gov.uk/register/psdFirmBasicDetails.do;jsessionid=deb8c5d9af1946d5b4a2ee3c067cda32.s6fNml1Ka38InBbv-ArJrwTPoNCNa30Ocybtah0IaNuIahiIbh0IaNfwmxiInxiObk9ynhvybMSHc30Ka2aToi5hch0Na2TSn7bvq70KawTAqQ4InQXQ-BjF8NeTa3aKcgbMnkrDqRfzqwbMnkrDqRfzqwbynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0__?sid=223858 Financial Services Authority]
40. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-15/barclays-defends-somali-account-closing-on-money-laundering-risk.html Barclays Defends Somali Account Closing on Money-Laundering Risk]
41. ^{{cite news|last=Muir|first=Hugh|title=Mo Farah pleads with Barclays not to end remittances to Somaliland|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jul/26/mo-farah-barclays-remittance-market|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=26 July 2013}}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201311060978.html|title=Somaliland: Dahabshiil Receives Reprieve Against Barclays|last=Kiragu|first=Peter|date=2013-11-06|work=The Star (Nairobi)|access-date=2017-08-30}}
43. ^Somali Money Transfer Company Wins Injunction Against Barclays Bank
44. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/sorting-through-complex-and-often-flawed-cases |title=Sorting through complex, and often flawed, cases: Investigators set out to decide detainees' fate |publisher=Washington Post |date=17 February 2009 |accessdate=2011-12-09 |author=Peter Finn |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609114256/http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/sorting-through-complex-and-often-flawed-cases |archivedate=9 June 2012 |df=dmy }}
45. ^{{Cite web|url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/Resources/WP38_web.pdf|title = Remittances to Somaliland|date = 2013|accessdate = |website = World Bank|publisher = |last = |first = }}
46. ^{{Cite web|url = http://internationalmoneytransfers.org/the-foreign-exchange-controvercsies/|title = Foreign Exchange Controversies|date = 2015|accessdate = |website = InternationalMoneyTransfers.org|publisher = |last = |first = }}
47. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://sunatimes.com/view.php?id=1546 |title=On the other hand, the Dahabshiil Company shut down the sunatimes.com |publisher=Suna Times |date=27 October 2010 |accessdate=2011-12-10 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121054159/http://sunatimes.com/view.php?id=1546 |archivedate=21 January 2012 |df=dmy }}
48. ^{{cite news |url=http://sunatimes.com/uploads/content/file/1546.pdf |title=re: www.sunatimes.com |publisher=Suna Times |date=27 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-12-10 |author=Bird & Bird |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405201031/http://sunatimes.com/uploads/content/file/1546.pdf |archivedate=5 April 2012 |df=dmy }}
49. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/caught-on-camera-top-lobbyists-boasting-how-they-influence-the-pm-6272760.html |title=Caught on camera: top lobbyists boasting how they influence the PM |publisher=The Independent |date=6 December 2011 |accessdate=2011-12-10 |location=London |first1=Melanie |last1=Newman |first2=Oliver |last2=Wright |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208103225/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/caught-on-camera-top-lobbyists-boasting-how-they-influence-the-pm-6272760.html |archivedate=8 December 2011 |df=dmy }}
50. ^{{cite news |url=http://sunatimes.com/view.php?id=1547 |title=Dahabshiil -- you couldn't find it within the first 10 pages. |publisher=Suna Times |date=7 December 2011 |accessdate=2011-12-09 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042134/http://sunatimes.com/view.php?id=1547 |archivedate=26 April 2012 |df=dmy }}
51. ^{{cite web|title=Hussein et al v. Dahabshiil Transfer Services Ltd. et al|url=https://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-york/nysdce/1:2015cv09623/450953|website=Justia: Dockets and Filings|accessdate=12 December 2015}}
52. ^{{cite news|last1=Klasfeld|first1=Adam|title=Slain Somali Icon's Son Targets Terror Funds|url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2015/12/10/slain-somali-icons-son-targets-terror-funds.htm|accessdate=12 December 2015|agency=Courthouse News Service}}

External links

  • Money man serves the Somali diaspora
  • How displaced communities use technology to access financial services - by Abdirashid Duale

7 : Informal value transfer systems|Companies of Somaliland|Financial services companies of the United Kingdom|Financial services companies established in 1970|Companies based in Dubai|Financial services companies of the United Arab Emirates|1970 establishments in the Trucial States
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