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词条 Danaïdes
释义

  1. Mythology

  2. The Danaïds and their husbands

      Apollodorus    Hyginus    Ellis  

  3. Other Danaïdes

  4. Modern literature

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

{{For|the butterfly genus|Danaus (genus)}}{{short description|mythical characters}}{{more footnotes|date=September 2017}}

In Greek mythology, the Danaïdes ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|n|eɪ|.|ɪ|d|iː|z}}; {{lang-el|Δαναΐδες}}), also Danaides or Danaids, were the fifty daughters of Danaus. In the Metamorphoses,[1] Ovid refers to them as the Belides after their grandfather Belus. They were to marry the 50 sons of Danaus' twin brother Aegyptus, a mythical king of Egypt. In the most common version of the myth, all but one of them killed their husbands on their wedding night, and are condemned to spend eternity carrying water in a sieve or perforated device. In the classical tradition, they came to represent the futility of a repetitive task that can never be completed (see also Sisyphus).

Mythology

Danaus did not want his daughters to go ahead with the marriages and he fled with them in the first boat to Argos, which is located in Greece near the ancient city of Mycenae.

Danaus agreed to the marriage of his daughters only after Aegyptus came to Argos with his fifty sons in order to protect the local population, the Argives, from any battles. The daughters were ordered by their father to kill their husbands on the first night of their weddings and this they all did with the exception of one, Hypermnestra, who spared her husband Lynceus because he respected her desire to remain a virgin. Danaus was angered that his daughter refused to do as he ordered and took her to the Argives courts. Lynceus killed Danaus as revenge for the death of his brothers and he and Hypermnestra started the Danaid Dynasty of rulers in Argos.

The other 49 daughters remarried by choosing their mates in footraces. Some accounts tell that their punishment in Tartarus was being forced to carry a jug to fill a bathtub (pithos) without a bottom (or with a leak) to wash their sins off. Because the water was always leaking, they would forever try to fill the tub. Probably this myth is connected with a ceremony having to do with the worship of waters, and the Danaïdes were water-nymphs.

The Danaïds and their husbands

Apollodorus

The list in the Bibliotheca[2] preserves not only the names of brides and grooms but also those of their mothers. A lot was cast among the sons of Aegyptus to decide which of the Danaids each should marry except for those daughters born to Memphis who were joined by their namesakes, the sons of Tyria. According to Hippostratus, Danaus had all these progeny begotten by a single woman, Europa, the daughter of Nilus.[3]

Apollodorus' List of Danaids
No.DanaidsMotherAegyptus' SonsMotherNo.DanaidsMotherAegyptus' SonsMother
1HypermnestraElephantisLynceusArgyphia26ChrysippeMemphisChrysippusTyria
2GorgophoneProteus27AutonoePolyxo, a naiadEurylochusCaliadne, a naiad
3AutomateEuropeBusiris28TheanoPhantes
4AmymoneEnceladus29ElectraPeristhenes
5AgaveLycus30Cleopatra (different one)Hermus
6ScaeaDaiphron31EurydiceDryas
7HippodamiaAtlanteia or of Phoebe,

the Hamadryads

IstrusArabian woman32GlaucippePotamon
8RhodiaChalcodon33AntheleiaCisseus
9CleopatraAgenor34CleodoreLixus
10AsteriaChaetus35Evippe (different one)Imbrus
11Hippodamia (different one)Diocorystes36EratoBromius
12GlauceAlces37StygnePolyctor
13HippomedusaAlcmenor38BryceChthonius
14GorgeHippothous39ActaeaPieriaPeriphasGorgo
15IphimedusaEuchenor40PodarceOeneus
16RhodeHippolytus41DioxippeAegyptus
17PireneEthiopian womanAgaptolemusPhoenician woman42AditeMenalces
18DorionCercetes43OcypeteLampus
19PhartisEurydamas44PylargeIdmon
20MnestraAegius45HippodiceHerseIdasHephaestine
21EvippeArgius46AdianteDaiphron (different one)
22AnaxibiaArchelaus47CallidiceCrinoPandion
23NeloMenemachus48OemeArbelus
24CliteMemphisClitusTyria49CelaenoHyperbius
25StheneleSthenelus50HyperippeHippocorystes

Hyginus

Hyginus' list[4] is partially corrupt and some of the names are nearly illegible. Nevertheless, it is evident that this catalogue has almost nothing in common with that of Pseudo-Apollodorus. Names with (†) symbol means corrupted entries but annotations from various editors were provided to rationalize their possible names.

Hyginus' List of Danaids
No.DanaïdesAegyptus' SonsNo.DanaïdesAegyptus' Sons
1Idea † (possibly Midea[5])Antimachus26AutodiceClytus
2PhilomelaPanthius (possibly Panthous[5] or Pandion[6])27PolyxenaAegyptus
3ScyllaProteus28HecabeDryas
4Phicomone † (possibly Iphigomene[7])Plexippus29Acamantis or Achamantis †Echomius †
5Evippe?30Arsalte †Ephialtes
6??31Monuste †Eurysthenes †
7?Agenor32AmymoneMidamus †
8Demoditas (possibly Demodice[5])?33HeliceEvideas †
9? (possibly Chrysippe[8])Chrysippus34Amoeme or OemePolydector
10Hyale †Perius (possibly Pierus[9])35PolybeItonomus †
11Trite (possibly Trete[10])Enceladus36Helicta †Cassus
12Damone † (possibly Damno[9])Amyntor37ElectraHyperantus †
13Hippothoe[11] (possibly Hypothoe[5])Obrimus (possibly Bromius)[12]38EubuleDemarchus
14Myrmidone[13]Mineus †[14] (possibly Oeneus39Daplidice †Pugnon †
15EurydiceCanthus40HeroAndromachus
16Cleo[15]Asterius[16]41Europome †Atlites or Athletes †
17Arcania †[17]Xanthus42Pyrantis †Plexippus
18CleopatraMetalces43CritomediaAntipaphus
19Philea †[18]Philinas[19]44PireneDolichus
20HypareteProtheon45Eupheme or Eupheno †Hyperbius
21ChrysothemisAsterides †46ThemistagoraPodasimus
22PyranteAthamas47CelaenoAristonoos †
23Armo †asbus †48Itea †Antiochus
24GlaucippeNiavius †49Erato †Eudaemon
25DemophilePamphilus50HypermnestraLynceus

Ellis

A third list was provided by the English antiquarian, Henry Ellis which was derived from Hyginus. The names of the Danaïdes was complete but with new entries and some alteration in the spellings.[20] It can be observed that the names Armoaste and Danaes (Danais), was an addition to complete the list while Scea (Scaea) and Autonomes (Automate) which was obviously borrowed from Apollodorus' accounts were also added.

Comparison of Hyginus' and Ellis' List of Danaids
HyginusEllisHyginusEllisHyginusEllisHyginusEllisHyginusEllis
1Midea or IdeaIdea11TriteTrite21ChrysothemisChrysothemis31MonusteMonuste41EuropomeEuropomene
2PhilomelaPhilomela12DamoneDamone22PyranteHeranta32AmymoneAmimone42PyrantisChrysanta
3ScyllaScillo13HippothoeHippothoe23?Armoaste33HeliceHelice43CritomediaCritomedia
4(Am)PhicomonePhicomene14MyrmidoneMirmidone24GlaucippeGlaucippe34OemeAmaome44PirenePyrene
5EvippeEuippe15EurydiceEuridice25DemophileDemophile35PolybePolybe45EuphemeEupheno
6?Danaes16CleoChleo26AutodiceAutodice36HelictaHelicte46ThemistagoraThemistagora
7?Scea17Arcadia or ArcaniaVrania27PolyxenaPolyxena37ElectraElectra47CelaenoPaleno
8DemoditasDemoditas18CleopatraCleopatra28HecabeHecate38EubuleEubule48IteaItea
9?Autonomes19Phila or PhilaePhylea29AcamantisAchamantis39DaplidiceDaphildice49EratoErato
10HyaleHyale20HippareteHypareta30ArsalteArsalte40HeroHero50HypermnestraHypermnestra

Other Danaïdes

{{Greek myth (Hades)}}

Several minor female characters, mentioned in various accounts unrelated to the main myth of Danaus and the Danaïdes, are also referred to as daughters of Danaus. These include:

  • Archedice, along with her sister Helice and two others, chosen by lot by the rest, had founded the temple of Lindian Athene where they made offerings on Lindos in Rhodes.[21][22]
  • Anaxithea, mother of Olenus by Zeus.[23]
  • Amphimedusa, mother of Erythras by Poseidon[24]
  • Astyoche, a nymph who was called the mother of Chrysippus by Pelops.[25]
  • Eurythoe, one of the possible mothers of Oenomaus by Ares;[26] alternatively, mother of Hippodamia by Oenomaus[27]
  • Hippodamia, mother of Olenus by Zeus.[28] (Maybe the same as the above Anaxithea)
  • Isonoe or Isione or Hesione, mother of Orchomenus[29] or Chryses[28] by Zeus.
  • Kamira
  • Phaethusa, one of the possible mothers of Myrtilus by Hermes[26]
  • Phylodameia, mother of Pharis by Hermes[30]
  • Physadeia, who, like her sister Amymone, gave her name to a freshwater source[31]
  • Polydora, nymph-mother of Dryops (Oeta) by the river god Spercheus[32]
  • Side, mythical eponym of a town in Laconia[33]

Modern literature

The Daughters of Danaus is also the title of an 1894 novel by Mona Caird, also dealing with imposed marriage although, in this case, it is a single marriage instead of 50, and in 19th-century Great Britain.

Magda Szabó's 1964 novel, A Danaida (The Danaid), is about a woman who lives selfishly for two-thirds of her life without realizing that even she can change the course of history.

Le châtiment des Danaïdes is an essay by the French-Canadian author Henri Paul Jacquesthe applying the Freudian concept of psychoanalysis to the study of the punishment imposed on the Danaïdes after they committed their crimes.

In Monday Begins on Saturday, it is mentioned that the Danaïdes had their case reviewed in modern times, and, due to mitigating circumstances (the marriage being forced), had their punishment changed to laying down and then immediately demolishing asphalt.

See also

{{commons category|Danaides}}
  • Greeks (Names:Danaans)
  • Las Danaides, Alameda Central, Mexico City

Notes

1. ^Book 10, lines 10–63.
2. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca, Book 2.1.5
3. ^Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.37 p. 370-371
4. ^Hyginus, Fabulae 170
5. ^1 2 3 Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
6. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5
7. ^can be read possibly also as Iphinoe and Theonoe as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
8. ^as cited in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5 p. 85 Heyne, according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
9. ^1 Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Bernhardus Bunte
10. ^Statius' Thebaid p. 195 with annotations by Robert Unger
11. ^compare with Hippothous in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5
12. ^compare with Bromius in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5 as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
13. ^can be read as Myrmydone as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
14. ^corrected as Oeneus by Bernhardus Bunte in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 and compare to Oeneus in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5
15. ^can be read possibly as Cleodora (Mauricius Schmidt) or simply Clio (Bernhardus Bunte) in their annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
16. ^compare with Asteria in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5 as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
17. ^the name was corrupted according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations in Hyginus, Fabulae
18. ^can be read possibly as Philinna according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
19. ^can be read possibly as Phileas (Phileam) according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
20. ^Raphaell Holinshed, William Harrison, Richard Stanyhurst, John Hooker, Francis Thynne, Abraham Fleming, John Stow. Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Chapter 3. Henry Ellis' Edition. J. Johnson. London. 1807.
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ashmolean.museum/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html|title=Interleaved Greek and English text (translation by Gillian Newing)|last=The Parian Marble|first=Fragment 9|date=March 7, 2001|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=January 24, 2019}}
22. ^Herodotus, 2. 182.
23. ^Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Olenos
24. ^Scholia on Homer, Iliad, 2. 499
25. ^Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 110 s.v. The Children of Pelops
26. ^1 Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 752
27. ^Tzetzes on Lycophron, 157
28. ^1 Clement of Alexandria, Recognitions 10.21
29. ^Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.230
30. ^Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4. 30. 2
31. ^Callimachus, Hymn 5 to Athena, 47-48
32. ^Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses, 32
33. ^Pausanias. Description of Greece, 3.22.11

References

  • Callimachus. Hymns, translated by Alexander William Mair (1875-1928). London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. [https://topostext.org/work/120 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
  • Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
  • Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://topostext.org/work/213 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
  • Clement of Alexandria, Recognitions from Ante-Nicene Library Volume 8, translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. Online version at theio.com.
  • Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
  • John Tzetzes, Book of Histories, Books VII-VIII translated by Vasiliki Dogani from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version at theio.com.
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