“Dang Deukhuri District”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dang Deukhuri District is located in Inner Terai in Province No. 5 in midwestern Nepal. The district, with Ghorahi as its headquarters, covers 2,955 km² and has a population (2011) of 548,141.^[1] Tulsipur, the second biggest city of Dang, is a transportation hub. There are numerous temples and gumbas in Dang Deukhuri district.{{Explain|date=October 2018}} Ghorahi is a proposed capital of Rapti Lumbini Province (Province 5) based on the Constitution of Nepal 2015.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Geography and climate

This district consists of the larger easterly and upstream portions of the parallel Inner Terai valleys of Dang and Deukhuri, plus enclosing ranges of hills and mountains. Downstream, both valleys cross into Banke District.

To the south, the district borders Uttar Pradesh, a state in India, Nepal's neighboring country—specifically the Balarampur and Shravasti districts of Awadh. Because the international border follows the southern edge of the outermost Siwalik foothills called the Dudhwa Range, there is no Outer Terai extending onto the main Ganges Plain inside this district. The permeable geology of the Siwaliks does not support moisture retention or soil development, so they are covered with unproductive scrub forest.

The Dudhwas rise steeply to a crest at about 700 meters, then slope more gradually into the Deukhuri Valley, down to 250 meters elevation at the Rapti River. The Dudhwas extend more than 100 km, causing the Rapti to detour west around them before turning southeast down the main trend of the plains into India. Deukhuri's climate is nearly tropical and it is well watered by the river, as well as possessing abundant groundwater.

North of Deukhuri Valley, the Dang Range rises as high as 1,000 meters with passes at about 700 meters. The Dang Valley lies north of these hills, drained by the Babai River tributary to the Ghaghara (Karnali). Valley elevations range from 600 meters along the Babai with alluvial slopes gradually rising northward to 700 meters along the base of the Mahabharat Range. The district then extends upslope to the crest of the Mahabharats at 1,500 to 1,700 meters elevation. The bordering districts to the north are Pyuthan, Rolpa, and Salyan.

Population by Census 1971-2011^[3]^[4]

History and prehistory

Throughout historic times and probably earlier the Dang and Deukhuri valleys were home to indigenous Tharu people. The House of Tulsipur ruled one of the largest Taluqs of Oudh, India, which then included the Dang and Deukhuri Valleys.Therefore, it also counted as one of the Baise Rajya ({{lang-ne|बाइसे राज्य}}; 22 Principalities), a confederation in what became western Nepal. The town shares its name with another Tulsipur in Dang Deukhuri District, Nepal (c.65k North); the two towns are linked historically by having the same ruler. About 1760 AD all these kingdoms were annexed by the Shah Dynasty during the reunification of Nepal, except Tulsipur lands south of the Siwalik Hills were not taken.

Since Dang was somewhat higher, hotter, better-drained and therefore less malarial than most Inner Terai valleys in Nepal, it was settled to some extent by Shah and Rana courtiers and other Nepalese. Deukhuri was more of a Tharu enclave until DDT was introduced to control the disease-bearingAnopheles mosquito in the 1950s. Long time ago, Dang used to be the capital of Rapti Zone. In the past, it was ruled by Dangi Sharan.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

Transportation

East West Highway —the main east-west highway across Nepal— follows Deukhuri Valley, passing Kalakate and Bhalubang bazar at the upper end and Lamahi downstream. From Bhalubang, branch roads lead up the Rapti River into Pyuthan and Rolpa Districts. From Lamahi there are roads north across the Dang Range to Ghorahi, and south over the Dudhwas to Koilabas, which used to be an international trade centre earlier. The East West highway which passes through the Lamahi joints the Banke district leading Kohalpur. Roads from Ghorahi lead to Rolpa district and the Swargadwari pilgrimage site.

Demography

The dry and agriculturally unproductive Dudhwa range creates a buffer zone between the divergent cultures of the plains of Uttar Pradesh and the Inner Terai. Deukhuri was severely malarial before the late 1950s when DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos so that Tharu people who had evolved resistance managed to live in isolation from more developed and avaricious cultures of the plains to the south and the hills to the north. Although road development further reduced Deukhuri's isolation by the 1980s, the valley retains some of its Garden of Eden charm with its lazy river, thick jungle alternating with rice paddies, surrounding hills in the middle distance, and unique peoples.

Dang Valley is higher, less tropical, drier and less malarial than Deukhuri. Despite poorer soil and more seasonal streamflow, its healthier climate made it more attractive to settlers from outside even before the introduction of DDT.

Since the early 1990s activist groups have been attempting to eradicate the practice of child indentured servitude among the Tharu, many of whom sold young daughters to wealthy families in urban areas.^[7]

This region has majority of people of the Tharu ethnicity. The steep, virtually uninhabited southern slopes of the Mahabharat Range are another cultural buffer zone between traditional Tharu lands and the culturally distinct Middle Hills where Nepali is the dominant language, the homeland of dangi Chhetris. The Kumal (potter) ethnic group is also semi-indigenous.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Administration

The district consists of two sub-metropolitan cities and eight municipalities, out of which one is an urban municipalities and seven are rural municipalities. These are as follows:^[8]

Former Village Development Committees

Prior to the restructuring of the district, Dang District consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees:{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Historic, cultural and archaeological sites

Maps

References

1. ^¹{{cite news|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011(National Report) |url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |accessdate=November 2012 |agency=Government of Nepal |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |date=November 2012 |ref=Central Bureau of Statistics |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418000000/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-18 |df= }}
2. ^{{Citation | author-link = Lillesø, J-P.B., T.B. Shrestha, L.P. Dhakal, R.P. Nayaju and R. Shrestha | title = The Map of Potential Vegetation of Nepal - a forestry/agroecological/biodiversity classification system | series = Forest & Landscape Development and Environment Series 2-2005 and CFC-TIS Document Series No.110. | year = 2005 | url = http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/20497354/de2_001.pdf | isbn = 87-7903-210-9 | accessdate = Nov 22, 2013}}
3. ^#{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/ynp.html|title=Districts of Nepal |website=Statoids |publisher=Gwillim Law |accessdate=January 23, 2014}}
4. ^#{{cite book|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011, Volume 3|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf|location=Kathmandu, Nepal|publisher=Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics|date=January 2014|accessdate=January 23, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418000000/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf|archivedate=April 18, 2013|df=}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last= Corvinus |first= G. |year= 1989 |title= A handaxe assemblage from western Nepal |url= http://www.quartaer.eu/pdfs/1991/1991_08_corvinus.pdf |journal= Quartär (International Yearbook for Ice Age and Stone Age Research) |publisher= |volume= 39/40 |issue= |pages= 155–173 |doi= | accessdate=December 8, 2013}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last= Chauthan |first= P. R. |date= 2003 |title= An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian - A Theoretical Perspective |url= http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html |journal= Assemblage |publisher= |volume= |issue= 7 |pages= |doi= |accessdate= December 8, 2013 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html |archivedate= January 4, 2012 |df= }}
7. ^Desperate plight of Nepal 'slave girls' BBC News, 2 March 2007
8. ^{{cite web |title=स्थानिय तह |url=http://103.69.124.141/ |publisher=Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration |accessdate=1 October 2018 |language=Nepali}}
9. ^{{Cite book | author= Bhandari, B. |title = Inventory of heritage sites in Nepal |place = Kathmandu |publisher = IUCN Nepal | year = 1997| url = https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/7337}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://mofald.gov.np/index.php?lang=en|title=Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development |publisher=Government of Nepal |accessdate=February 21, 2014}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org.np/resources/maps |title=Map Centre |publisher=United Nations, Nepal Information Platform |accessdate=February 4, 2014}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dos.gov.np/new/index-2.html |title=Government of Nepal, Survey Department|accessdate=February 4, 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://wp.finnmap.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/FM_REFERENCES_International_5_2013.pdf |title=Land Administration & Management, Mapping, Surveying and Aerial Photography, Major Reference Projects |publisher=FinnMap |accessdate=February 4, 2014 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/ |title=Japan International Cooperation Agency |accessdate=February 4, 2014 }}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Nepal-Topo Maps |website=PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|url=http://pahar.in/nepal-topo-maps |accessdate=Jan 31, 2014 }}