| 词条 | Daniel Wegner |
| 释义 |
|name = Daniel Wegner |image = |image_size = 250px |caption = |birth_date = June 28, 1948 |birth_place =Calgary, Alberta, Canada |death_date ={{Death date and age|2013|7|5|1948|6|28}} |death_place =Winchester, Massachusetts, United States |residence = United States |citizenship = |nationality = |ethnicity = |field = Social Psychology |work_institutions = Harvard University, Trinity University, University of Virginia |alma_mater = Michigan State University |doctoral_advisor = |known_for = ironic process theory, transactive memory, experimental study of free will |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |footnotes = |signature = }} Daniel Merton Wegner (June 28, 1948 – July 5, 2013) was an American social psychologist. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University and a fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was known for applying experimental psychology to the topics of mental control (for example ironic process theory) and conscious will,[1][1] and for originating the study of transactive memory and action identification. In The Illusion of Conscious Will and other works, he argued controversially that the human sense of free will is an illusion. Early life and educationWegner was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[2] When Wegner was 11 years old he developed an understanding of two types of scientists: "bumblers, who plod along, only once in a while accomplishing something but enjoying the process even if they often end up being wrong, and the pointers, who do only one thing: point out that the bumblers are bumbling."[3] He enrolled in a physics degree at Michigan State University but changed to psychology, going on to an M.A. and then a PhD. CareerAfter gaining his doctorate in 1974, he spent sixteen years teaching at Trinity University, becoming a full Professor in 1985. From 1990 to 2000, he researched and taught at the University of Virginia, after which he joined the faculty at Harvard University.[4] AwardsIn 2011, Wegner was awarded the William James Fellow Award by the Association for Psychological Science, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the American Psychological Association, and the Distinguished Scientist Award by the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. In 2012, he was awarded the Donald T. Campbell Award by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP). Furthermore, shortly after Wegner's death in 2013, SPSP announced that its annually awarded Theoretical Innovation Prize would henceforth be known as the Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize to honor Wegner's memory and his innovative work. ResearchIronic process theoryWegner and colleagues performed a series of experiments in which people tried to suppress thoughts, for example by attempting not to think of a white bear. That work revealed that attempting not to think of a topic often backfires, resulting in high rates of intrusive thoughts about the topic. Wegner coined the term "ironic mental processes" for this effect, which is also known more commonly as the "white bear phenomenon".[5] The effect contributes to various psychological challenges and disorders. Smokers who try not to think about cigarettes find it harder to give up. People who suppress thoughts that may cause an anxiety reaction often make those thoughts more intrusive.[6][7] Wegner found that the ironic effect is stronger when people are stressed or depressed.[8] The illusion of conscious willWegner conducted a series of experiments in which people experience an illusion of control, feeling that their will shapes events which are actually determined by someone else.[2] He argued controversially that the ease with which this illusion can be created shows that the everyday feeling of conscious will is an illusion or a "construction"[9] and that this illusion of mental causation is "the mind's best trick".[10] Wegner defined conscious will as a function of priority (the thought must come before the action), consistency (the thought must be consistent with the action), and exclusivity (the thought cannot be accompanied with other causes).[11] He argued that, although people may feel that conscious intentions drive much of their behavior, in reality both behavior and intentions are the product of other, unconscious mental processes.[12] Wegner's research agreed with previous findings by Benjamin Libet regarding brain readiness potential and concluded that his own findings were "compatible with the idea that brain events cause intention and action, whereas conscious intention itself may not cause action." [11] Apparent mental causationWegner argued that the feeling of intention is something attributed "after the fact" according to three principles: consistency, exclusivity, and priority.[13] The principle of consistency states that if the content of one's thoughts is relevant to one's action, then a feeling of control will occur. The exclusivity principle holds that one must not believe there to be an outside influence or cause to feel as though an action was intended. Finally, the priority principle requires the thought to occur right before the action to produce the illusion of free will. He did not claim that conscious thought cannot in principle cause action, merely that any connection between conscious thought and action should be determined by scientific enquiry, and not by unreliable introspection and feelings.[10] Transactive memoryIn 1985, Wegner proposed the concept of transactive memory. A transactive memory system is a system through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge.[14] Transactive memory suggests an analysis not only of how couples and families in close relationships coordinate memory and tasks at home, but how teams, larger groups and organizations come to develop a "group mind",[14] a memory system that is more complex and potentially more effective than that of any of the individuals that comprise it. According to Wegner, a transactive memory system consists of the knowledge stored in each individual's memory combined with metamemory containing information regarding the different teammate's domains of expertise.[15] Just as the individual's metamemory allows him to be aware of what information is available for retrieval, so does the transactive memory system provide teammates with information regarding the knowledge they have access to within the team.[16] Group members learn who knowledge experts are and how to access expertise through communicative processes. In this way, a transactive memory system can provide the group members with more and better knowledge than any individual could access on his or her own. DeathTrinity University announced Wegner's death on Friday, July 5, 2013, at his home in Massachusetts, of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[17] He was survived by his wife and two daughters. [18]Books
Notes and references1. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/31/science/essay-more-than-good-intentions-holding-fast-to-faith-in-free-will.html "More than good intentions: Holding fast to faith in free will", The New York Times] 31 December 2002. 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Blackmore|first=Susan J.|title=Conversations on consciousness|chapter=Daniel Wegner|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wDTFXZQKIsC&pg=PA245|accessdate=21 March 2011|date=15 November 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280622-2|pages=245–257}} 3. ^Wegner DM. The premature demise of the solo experiment. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1992;18:504-508 in: Lisa Rosenbaum. The March of Science — The True Story. NEJM, May 17, 2017,DOI: 10.1056/NEJMms1706087 4. ^Profile of Dan Wegner {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718220805/http://www.psychologie.uni-freiburg.de/Members/rummel/wisspsychwiki/wissenspsychologie/DanielWegner?set_language=en |date=2011-07-18 }}, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg 5. ^Wegner DM, Schneider DJ, Carter SR III, White TL. Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987;53:5-13 6. ^{{cite book|first1=Roy F.|last1=Baumeister|first2=Brad J. |last2=Bushman|title=Social Psychology and Human Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggbwcrcpKQ0C&pg=PA135|accessdate=21 March 2011|date=16 October 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-60133-3|page=135}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Schacter|first=Daniel L.|title=Searching for memory: the brain, the mind, and the past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYMhfK1qwBYC&pg=PA340|accessdate=21 March 2011|year=1996|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-07552-2|page=340}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Pennebaker|first=James W.|title=Opening up: the healing power of expressing emotions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gF8OoKydQC&pg=PA59|accessdate=21 March 2011|year=1997|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-1-57230-238-9|pages=59–}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Nadelhoffer|first=Thomas|title=Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pvk56gLAE-QC&pg=PA236|accessdate=21 March 2011|date=11 June 2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9019-0|page=236}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522060053/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Mind%27s_Best_Trick.pdf | archivedate = 2013-05-22 | title = The mind's best trick: how we experience conscious will | first = Daniel M. | last = Wegner | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–69 | year = 2003 | url = http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Mind%27s_Best_Trick.pdf | doi=10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00002-0 | pmid=12584024| citeseerx = 10.1.1.294.2327 }} 11. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Wegner | first1 = D.M. | last2 = Wheatley | first2 = T. | year = 1999 | title = Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience of will | url = | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 54 | issue = 7| pages = 480–492 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.480 | pmid=10424155| citeseerx = 10.1.1.188.8271 }} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=O'Shaughnessy|first1=John|last2=O'Shaughnessy|first2=Nicholas J.|title=The Undermining of Beliefs in the Autonomy and Rationality of Consumers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTpQRCpBV6UC&pg=PA3|accessdate=21 March 2011|date=10 December 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77323-2|page=3}} 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Wegner | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Wheatley | first2 = T. | year = 1999 | title = Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience of will | url = | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 54 | issue = 7| pages = 480–492 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.480 | pmid=10424155| citeseerx = 10.1.1.188.8271 }} 14. ^1 Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T., & Hertel, P. (1985). Cognitive interdependence in close relationships. In W. J. Ickes (Ed.), Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 253–276). New York: Springer-Verlag. 15. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Wegner | first1 = D. M. | year = 1995 | title = A computer network model of human transactive memory | url = | journal = Social Cognition | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 319–339 | doi=10.1521/soco.1995.13.3.319}} 16. ^Wegner, D. M. (1986). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B.Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 185–205). New York: Springer-Verlag 17. ^{{Cite web| title = Daniel M. Wegner, 65; Harvard social psychologist unraveled mysteries of thought and memory| first = Bryan | last = Marquard | work = The Boston Globe| date = 2013-07-12| accessdate = 2016-01-04| url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/07/11/daniel-wegner-harvard-social-psychologist-unraveled-mysteries-thought-and-memory/SATmfA8Vo07c5lezCPZFyH/story.html| quote = Dr. Wegner ... died last Friday in his Winchester home of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He was 65.}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.trinity.edu/x33660.xml |title=Trinity University | Daniel Wegner |publisher=Web.trinity.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-07-12}} {{dead link|date=May 2017}} 19. ^A Précis by Wegner appeared in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol.27, p.649—692, 2004. External links
6 : 1948 births|2013 deaths|American psychologists|Social psychologists|Harvard University faculty|People from Calgary |
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