“Cantonese opera”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Cantonese opera ({{zh|t=粵劇}}) is one of the major categories in Chinese opera, originating in southern China's Guangdong Province. It is popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau and among Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics, and acting.

History

There is debate about the origins of Cantonese opera, but it is generally accepted that opera was brought from the northern part of China and slowly migrated to the southern province of Guangdong in the late 13th century, during the late Southern Song dynasty. In the 12th century, there was a theatrical form called the Nanxi or "Southern drama", which was performed in public theatres of Hangzhou, then capital of the Southern Song. With the invasion of the Mongol army, Emperor Gong of the Song dynasty fled with hundreds of thousands of Song people into Guangdong in 1276. Among them were Nanxi performers from Zhejiang, who brought Nanxi into Guangdong and helped develop the opera traditions in the south.

Many well-known operas performed today, such as Tai Nui Fa originated in the Ming Dynasty and The Purple Hairpin originated in the Yuan Dynasty, with lyrics and scripts in Cantonese. Until the 20th century all the female roles were performed by males.

Development in Hong Kong

Beginning in the 1950s immigrants fled Shanghai to areas such as North Point.^[1] Their arrival significantly boosted the Cantonese opera fan-base. Also, the Chinese Government wanted to deliver the message of socialist revolution to Chinese people under colonial governance in Hong Kong.^[2] Agents of the Chinese government founded newspaper platforms, such as Ta Kung Pao ({{zh|大公報|labels=no}}) and Chang Cheung Hua Pao ({{zh|長城畫報|labels=no}}) to promote Cantonese Opera to the Hong Kong audience. These new platforms were used to promote new Cantonese Opera releases. This helped to boost the popularity of Cantonese Opera among the Hong Kong audience. Gradually, Cantonese Opera became a part of daily entertainment activity in the colony.

The popularity of a Cantonese Opera continued to grow during the 1960s.^[3] More theatres were established in Sheung Wan and Sai Wan, which became important entertainment districts. Later, performances began to be held in playgrounds, which provided more opportunities to develop Cantonese Opera in Hong Kong. As the variety of venues grew, so the variety of audiences became wider. However, Cantonese Opera began to decline as TV and cinema started to develop in the late 1960s. Compared to Cantonese Opera, cinema was cheaper and TV was more convenient. Subsequently, some theatres started to be repurposed as commercial or residential buildings. The resulting decline in available theatres further contributed to the decline of Cantonese Opera in the territory.

Since the demolition of Lee Theatre and the closing down of many stages (Tai Ping Theatre, Ko Shing Theatre, Paladium Theatre, Astor Theatre or former Po Hing Theatre, Kai Tak Amusement Park and Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park) that were dedicated to Cantonese genre throughout the decades, Hong Kong's Sunbeam Theatre is one of the last facilities that is still standing to exhibit Cantonese Opera.

By early 1980s, Leung Hon-wai was one of the first in his generation of the Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong (hkbarwo) who gave classes and actively engaged in talent-hunting. The Cantonese Opera Academy of Hong Kong classes started in 1980.

To intensify education in Cantonese opera, they started to run an evening part-time certificate course in Cantonese Opera training with assistance from The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts in 1998. In 1999, the Association and the Academy further conducted a two-year daytime diploma programme in performing arts in Cantonese Opera in order to train professional actors and actresses. Aiming at further raising the students' level, the Association and the Academy launched an advanced course in Cantonese opera in the next academic year.

In recent years, the Hong Kong Arts Development Council has given grants to the Love and Faith Cantonese Opera Laboratory to conduct Cantonese opera classes for children and young people. The Leisure and Cultural Services Department has also funded the International Association of Theatre Critics (Hong Kong Branch) to implement the "Cultural Envoy Scheme for Cantonese Opera" for promoting traditional Chinese productions in the community.

Also, the Hong Kong Government planned to promote Cantonese Opera through different communication channels.^[4] They wanted to build more theatres for the Hong Kong public to have more opportunities to enjoy Cantonese Opera. The scheme also arrived to develope professional talents in Cantonese Opera. Cantonese Opera became a part of the compulsory Music subject in primary school. For teachers, the Education Bureau provided some training and teaching materials related to Cantonese Opera.

Public funding

To continue the tradition by passing on what elders and veterans inherited from former generations and to improve sustainability with new and original music, lyrics and scripts.

Early Development in Shanghai

In the 1840s, a large number of Guangdong businessmen came to Shanghai for opportunities. They owned abundant resources, therefore, their influence in Shanghai has gradually increased (Song, 1994).^[7] Later, various clansmen associations have been established to sponsor different cultural activities, Cantonese opera was one of them. From the 1920s to the 1930s, the development of Cantonese opera in Shanghai was very impressive (Chong, 2014).^[8] At that time, the department stores opened by the Cantonese businessmen in Shanghai had their Cantonese opera theater companies.^[9] Moreover, the Guangdong literati in Shanghai always put great effort into promotions of Guangdong opera. A newspaper recorded that "The Cantonese operas were frequently played at that time. And the actors who came to perform in Shanghai were very famous. Every time many Cantonese merchants made reservations for inviting their guests to enjoy the opera.”(Cheng , 2007)^[10]

Characteristics

Cantonese opera shares many common characteristics with other Chinese theatre genres. Commentators often take pride in the idea that all Chinese theatre styles are similar but with minor variations on the pan-Chinese music-theatre tradition and the basic features or principles are consistent from one local performance form to another. Thus, music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting are all featured in Cantonese opera. Most of the plots are based on Chinese history and famous Chinese classics and myths. Also, the culture and philosophies of the Chinese people can be seen in the plays. Virtues (like loyalty, love, patriotism and faithfulness) are often reflected by the operas.

The four skills and five methods are a simple codification of training areas that theatre performers must master and a metaphor for the most well-rounded and thoroughly-trained performers. The four skills apply to the whole spectrum of vocal and dramatic training: singing, acting/movements, speech delivery, and martial/gymnastic skills; while the five methods are categories of techniques associated with specific body parts: hands, eyes, body, hair, and feet/walking techniques.

Significance

Before widespread formal education, Cantonese opera taught morals and messages to its audiences rather than being solely entertainment. The government used theatre to promote the idea of be loyal to the emperor and love the country (忠君愛國). Thus, the government examined the theatre frequently and would ban any theatre if a harmful message was conveyed or considered. The research conducted by Lo showed that Cantonese Operatic Singing also relates older people to a sense of collectivism, thereby contributing to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships and promoting successful ageing. (Lo, 2014).^[11] Young people construct the rituals of learning Cantonese opera as an important context for their personal development.^[12]

Operas of Deities

Cantonese opera is a kind of Operas of Deities. Operas for Deities are often performed in celebration of folk festivals, birthdays of deities, establishments or renovations of altars and temples.^[13] A community organises a performance of opera, which is used to celebrate the birth of the gods or to cooperate with the martial arts activities, such as "Entertaining People and Entertaining God" and "God and People". These performances can be called " Operas for Deities ". This king of acting originated from the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. It was also called the scared drama in the performance of God's birthday. It is a meritorious deed for God.^[14] According to the study, most of the Cantonese operas in Hong Kong belong to the Operas for Deities, and the nature of the preparations of the "God Circus" can be broadly divided into three categories: the celebration of the gods, the Hungry Ghost Festival, the Taiping Qing Dynasty, the temple opening and the traditional festival celebrations.^[15] In the 1960s -1970s, the Chinese opera was at a low ebb. However, due to the support of Opera for Deities, some of the troupes can be continue to perform. In the 1990s, the total performance rate of Operas for Deities has been reduced from two-thirds to two-fifths in the 1980s, there is no such thing as a performance in the Cantonese opera industry.^[16]

Performers and roles

Types of play

There are two types of Cantonese opera plays: Mou (武, "martial arts") and Man (文, "highly educated", esp. in poetry and culture). Mou plays emphasize war, the characters usually being generals or warriors. These works contain action scenes and involve a lot of weaponry and armour. Man plays tend to be gentler and more elegant. Scholars are the main characters in these plays. Water sleeves are used extensively in man plays to produce movements reflecting the elegance and tenderness of the characters; all female characters wear them. In man plays, characters put a lot of effort into creating distinctive facial expressions and gestures to express their underlying emotions.

Roles

There are four types of roles: Sang (Sheng), Daan (Dan), Zing (Jing), and Cau (Chou).

Sang

The Sang ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|生}}}}; Sheng) are male roles. As in other Chinese operas, there are different types of male roles, such as:

Daan

The Daan (旦; Dan) are female roles. The different forms of female characters are:

Zing

The Zing (淨; Jing) are known for painted-faces. They are often male characters such as heroes, generals, villains, gods, or demons. Painted-faces are usually:

Cau

Major career artists

Visual elements

Makeup

Applying makeup for Cantonese opera is a long and specialized process. One of the most common styles is the "white and red face": an application of white foundation and a red color around the eyes that fades down to the bottom of cheeks. The eyebrows are black and sometimes elongated. Usually, female characters have thinner eyebrows than males. There is black makeup around the eyes with a shape similar to the eyes of a Chinese phoenix (鳳眼; fung⁶ ngaan⁵). Lipstick is usually bright red (口唇膏; hau² seon⁴ gou¹).

A female-role actress is in the processes of applying her markup: spreading a creamy. foundation on her cheeks and forehead; putting blusher on her cheeks, eyelids and both sides of the nose; darling her eyebrows and drawing eye-lines and eye-shadows; pasting hairpieces around her face to create an oval-shaped look; lipstick has been put on prior to this; placing hairpins on the hairpiece.^[40]

Actors are given temporary facelifts by holding the skin up with a ribbon on the back of the head. This lifts the corners of the eyes, producing an authoritative look.

Each role has its own style of make-up: the clown has a large white spot in the middle of his face, for example. A sick character has a thin red line pointing upwards in between his eyebrows. Aggressive and frustrated character roles often have an arrow shape fading into the forehead in between the eyebrows (英雄脂; jing¹ hung⁴ zi¹).

Strong male characters wear "open face" (開面; hoi¹ min⁴) makeup. Each character's makeup has its own distinct characteristics, with symbolic patterns and coloration.

Costumes

Costumes correspond to the theme of the play and indicate the character of each role.

As mentioned above, each type of play is associated with particular costumes. The water sleeves of man (文) plays can be attached to the waist or the sides of the breast areas. Costumes can be single or double breasted.

Costumes also indicate the status of the character. Lower-status characters, such as females, wear less elaborate dresses, while those of higher rank have more decorative costumes.

Major Career Artists (大老倌) listed above, playing the six main characters (generic combination of 2 Sang, 2 Daan, Zing, and Cau), are always supposed to pay for their own costumes.

Over time, they build a fortune ($millions) by spending most of their income on good quality, such as Sequin (珠片), costumes for each and every performance.

Their collections, measured in number of Chest (furniture) , of such costumes, the quantity, reflect their status as professional performers (大老倌).

Those chests are only sold when they retire or passed for free onto appointed successors. To career artists, Sequin (珠片) costumes are essential for, the main source of income, their commercial, festive performances at various Bamboo Theatres (神功戲)^[41] for decades in Hong Kong. These costumes passed from generation to generation of, famous and successful, career performers (大老倌) are priceless, according to some art collectors. With the developments and changes of time, the materials used for the costumes had a diverse change. From 50's - 60's, Sequin (珠片) is the most famous materials used for designing the costumes. Nowadays, designers tends to use rhinestones (人造閃石) or Foil Fabric (閃布) to replace Sequin (珠片) . To compare with Sequin (珠片), rhinestones (人造閃石) and Foil Fabric (閃布) are more lighter than Sequin (珠片). However, the older generation remains using Sequin (珠片) and they think Sequin (珠片) is more shining and eye-catching in the stage.^[42]

Most of the costumes in Cantonese Opera is come from traditional design. Some of the people find that the design didn’t change, because most of the designer is apprenticeship (師徒制). Hence, most of the mentees using the same way to design the costume. In Cantonese Opera industry, some of the designer is inherited from their family about the traditional Cantonese Opera industry. Therefore, they have a basic knowledge and experience for making costumes for Cantonese Opera.^[43]

In 1973, Yam Kim Fai gave Loong Kim Sang, her protégée, the complete set of Sequin (珠片) costumes needed for career debut leading her own commercial performance at Chinese New Year Bamboo Theatre.^[44]^[45]

For those not to be used anymore, antiques as well as those of famous artists, Lam Kar Sing^[27] and Ng Kwun-Lai,^[30] are also on loan or donation to the Hong Kong Heritage Museum regularly.

Hairstyle, hats, and helmets

Hats and helmets signify social status, age and capability: scholars and officials wear black hats with wings on either side; generals wear helmets with pheasants' tail feathers; soldiers wear ordinary hats, and kings wear crowns. Queens or princesses have jeweled helmets. If a hat or helmet is removed, this indicates the character is exhausted, frustrated, or ready to surrender.

Hairstyles can express a character's emotions: warriors express their sadness at losing a battle by swinging their ponytails. For the female roles, buns indicated a maiden, while a married woman has a 'dai tau' (低頭).

In the Three Kingdoms legends, Zhao Yun and especially Lü Bu are very frequently depicted wearing helmets with pheasants' tail feathers; this originates with Cantonese opera, not with the military costumes of their era, although it's a convention that was in place by the Qing Dynasty or earlier.

Aural elements

Speech types

Commentators draw an essential distinction between sung and spoken text, although the boundary is a troublesome one.

Speech-types are of a wide variety: one is nearly identical to standard conversational Cantonese, while another is a very smooth and refined delivery of a passage of poetry; some have one form or another of instrumental accompaniment while others have none; and some serve fairly specific functions, while others are more widely adaptable to variety of dramatic needs.

Cantonese opera uses Mandarin or Guān Huà (Cantonese: Gun¹ Waa^6/2) when actors are involved with government, monarchy, or military. It also obscures words that are taboo or profane from the audience. The actor may choose to speak any dialect of Mandarin, but the ancient Zhōngzhōu ({{zh|c=中州 |j=Zung¹ Zau¹}}) variant is mainly used in Cantonese opera. Zhōngzhōu is located in the modern-day Henan province where it is considered the "cradle of Chinese civilization" and near the Yellow River. {{transl|zh|Guān Huà}} retains many of the initial sounds of many modern Mandarin dialects, but uses initials and codas from Middle Chinese. For example, the words {{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|張}}}} and {{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|將}}}} are both pronounced as /tsœːŋ˥˥/ ({{zh|links=no|j=zœng¹}}) in Modern Cantonese, but will respectively be spoken as /tʂɑŋ˥˥/ ({{zh|links=no|p=zhāng}}) and /tɕiɑŋ˥˥/ ({{zh|links=no|p=jiāng}}) in operatic {{transl|zh|Guān Huà}}. Furthermore, the word {{lang|zh|{{linktext|金}}}} is pronounced as /kɐm˥˥/ ({{zh|links=no|j=gam¹}}) in modern Cantonese and /tɕin˥˥/ ({{zh|links=no|p=jīn}}) in standard Mandarin, but operatic Guān Huà will use /kim˥˥/ ({{zh|links=no|p=gīm}}). However, actors tend to use Cantonese sounds when speaking Mandarin. For instance, the command for "to leave" is {{lang|zh|{{linktext|下去}}}} and is articulated as /saː˨˨ tsʰɵy˧˧/ in operatic Guān Huà compared to /haː˨˨ hɵy˧˧ / ({{zh|links=no|j=haa⁶ heoi³}}) in modern Cantonese and /ɕi̯ɑ˥˩ tɕʰy˩/ ({{zh|links=no|p=xià qu}}) in standard Mandarin.

Music

description=There are actually two female singers with Yam Kim Fai and Bak Sheut Sin in this sample. Yam Kim Fai is using her trademark indistinguishable male voice behind the Cantonese opera disguise. Only traditional Chinese instruments are used.|

Cantonese opera pieces are classified either as "theatrical" or "singing stage" ({{lang|zh-hant|歌壇}}). The theatrical style of music is further classified into western music ({{lang|zh-hant|西樂}}) and Chinese music ({{lang|zh-hant|中樂}}). While the "singing stage" style is always Western music, the theatrical style can be Chinese or western music. The "four great male vocals" ({{lang|zh|四大平喉}}) were all actresses and notable exponents of the "singing stage" style in the early 20th century.

The western music in Cantonese opera is accompanied by strings, woodwinds, brass plus electrified instruments. Lyrics are written to fit the play's melodies, although one song can contain multiple melodies, performers being able to add their own elements. Whether a song is well performed depends on the performers' own emotional involvement and ability.

Musical instruments

Cantonese instrumental music was called ching yam before the People's Republic was established in 1949. Cantonese instrumental tunes have been used in Cantonese opera, either as incidental instrumental music or as fixed tunes to which new texts were composed, since the 1930s.

The use of instruments in Cantonese opera is influenced by both western and eastern cultures. The reason for this is that Canton was one of the earliest places in China to establish trade relationships with the western civilizations. In addition, Hong Kong was under heavy western influence when it was a British colony. These factors contributed to the observed western elements in Cantonese opera.

For instance, the use of erhu (two string bowed fiddle), saxophones, guitars and the congas have demonstrated how diversified the musical instruments in Cantonese operas are.

Traditional musical instruments used in Cantonese opera include wind, strings and percussion. The winds and strings encompass erhu, gaohu, yehu, yangqin, pipa, dizi, and houguan, while the percussion comprises many different drums and cymbals. The percussion controls the overall rhythm and pace of the music, while the gaohu leads the orchestra. A more martial style features the use of the suona.

The instrumental ensemble of Cantonese opera is composed of two sections: the melody section and the percussion section. The percussion section has its own vast body of musical materials, generally called lo gu dim (鑼鼓點) or simply lo gu (鑼鼓). These 'percussion patterns' serve a variety of specific functions.

Frequently used terms

See also

References

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6. ^Acknowledgement Guidelines (General)
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11. ^LO, W. (2015). The music culture of older adults in Cantonese operatic singing lessons. Ageing and Society, 35(8), 1614-1634. doi:10.1017/S0144686X14000439
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17. ^[https://archive.is/20170606215445/http://library.hku.hk/search~S6?/X%7B216129%7D%7B214824%7D%7B214c39%7D%7B213073%7D%7B21505c%7D%7B21337e%7D%7B213064%7D%7B213545%7D%7B215d74%7D&searchscope=6&SORT=DZ/X%7B216129%7D%7B214824%7D%7B214c39%7D%7B213073%7D%7B21505c%7D%7B21337e%7D%7B213064%7D%7B213545%7D%7B215d74%7D&searchscope=6&SORT=DZ&SUBKEY=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%B2%A4%E5%8A%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84/1,35,35,B/frameset&FF=X%7B216129%7D%7B214824%7D%7B214c39%7D%7B213073%7D%7B21505c%7D%7B21337e%7D%7B213064%7D%7B213545%7D%7B215d74%7D&searchscope=6&SORT=DZ&1,1, 王勝泉, 張文珊(2011)編，香港當代粵劇人名錄，中大音樂系] The Chinese University Press [https://www.chineseupress.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=1654&advanced=true&search_title=香港當代粵劇人名錄 (Description and Author Information)] {{ISBN|978-988-19881-1-9}}
18. ^His wife Yu So-chow
19. ^Artistic Director：Yuen Siu-fai
20. ^2010 Hong Kong Arts Development Awards 2010 Presentation Ceremony
21. ^Artistic Director：Wan Fai-yin
22. ^[https://www.facebook.com/mayying.ng.14?fref=ts ]
23. ^[https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100003314793077 ]
24. ^Rehearsal of "Red Silk Shoes and The Murder" (16.1.2016)
25. ^Artistic Director：Law Ka-ying
26. ^Rehearsal of "Merciless Sword Under Merciful Heaven" (19.1.2016)
27. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/archive/eng/exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions_170.html |title=Lam Kar Sing|publisher=Virtuosity and Innovation – The Masterful Legacy of Lam Kar Sing 20 July 2011 – 14 May 2012}}
28. ^Credited as Leng Chi Pak, 'King of Chinese opera' to step down at 72, New Nation, 20 October 1976, Page 4
29. ^¹²³⁴[https://web.archive.org/web/20160104083910/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/fp/en_US/web/fpo/programmes/2015cop/index.html Iconic Heroines in Cantonese Opera Films]
30. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/archive/eng/exhibitions/Past_Exhibitions_30.html |title=Ng Kwun-Lai|publisher=A Synthesis of Lyrical Excellence and Martial Agility – The Stage Art of Ng Kwan Lai 22 December 2004 – 15 September 2005}}
31. ^{{IMDb title|0192820|Xiao Mingxing zhuan (1952)}}
32. ^¹²³[https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065604/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201112/06/P201112060148.htm Famed female Cantonese opera singers Xiao Minxin, Xu Liu-xian, Zhang Yue'r and Zhang Hui-fang] 6 December 2011 Hong Kong Central Library
33. ^Yam Kim Fai 有"女桂名揚"之稱的任劍輝 is one of the more famous exponent of Kwai Ming Yeung style of acting and vocal (腔). Movie [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246886/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_2The The Red Robe(1965)] demonstrates ‘masculine’ traits of Yam style(任腔).
34. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160701020617/http://mpaper.org/Story.aspx?ID=66642 Kwai Ming Yeung style 聽"桂派"名曲藝海 2010-07-08]
35. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20161007233413/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2016/01/26/XQ1601260004.htm Story of Mei in the North and Suet in the South 戲曲視窗：「北梅南雪」的故事 – 香港文匯報 2016-01-26]
36. ^Heritage Museum Exhibition to feature the female Cantonese opera artist Fong Yim Fun as of 8 October 2002
37. ^The queen who came back to her people by Fionnuala McHugh SCMP Updated : Thursday, 16 July 1998, 12:00am
38. ^Credited as Li Po-ying, Operatic revival, The Straits Times, 3 July 1982, Page 4.
39. ^CANTONESE OPERA YOUNG TALENT SHOWCASE – Artists Only about 15 in male costumes are lead actors. Actresses dominate as a result of the Yam-Loong Effect for over five decades. Both Koi Ming Fai and Lau Wai Ming were not old enough to be in the audience for Yam's final performance on stage in 1969.
40. ^{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Sau Y.|date=March 2005|title=Performance Context as a Molding Force: Photographic Documentation of Cantonese Opera in Hong Kong|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949460590914840|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=18|issue=2-3|pages=167–198|doi=10.1080/08949460590914840|issn=0894-9468}}
41. ^2010 to 2015 Time table of Chinese Artist Association of Hong Kong 香港八和會館神功戲台期表
42. ^{{Cite web|url=https://hokkfabrica.com/bamboo-theatre-culture/|title=香港戲棚文化|date=2014-06-29|website=HOKK fabrica|access-date=2019-03-07}}
43. ^{{Citation|last=知多一點點2|title=粵劇智識知多的|date=2015-05-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGi6ifS423Y&t=704s|access-date=2019-03-08}}
44. ^Maybe The Cantonese Opera Diva {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224212120/http://www.tvb.com.au/neo/schedules/tvbj/2016-01-01 |date=February 24, 2016 }} January 01, 2016 Australia
45. ^舞台下的龍劍笙 November 14, 2015 Hong Kong