| 词条 | Darfur Peace and Accountability Act |
| 释义 |
The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. 3127/S. 1462) or DPAA restates the United States government's position that the Darfur conflict constitutes genocide, asks the government to expand the African Union peacekeeping force in Darfur (AMIS) and give the force a stronger mandate, including more generous logistical support. It also directs the government to assist the International Criminal Court to bring justice to those guilty of war crimes in Darfur, Sudan. It was passed by the House and Senate and signed into law by President Bush on 13 October 2006 along with a companion executive order. Legislative historyThe House's DPAA bill (H.R. 3127) was introduced on June 30, 2005, by Rep. Henry Hyde (R-IL). There were 162 co-sponsors of the bill. H.R. 3127 passed in the House 416 to 3 on 5 April 2006. The Senate's DPAA bill (S. 1462) was introduced on 21 July 2005, by Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS). There were 38 senators who co-sponsored the bill. S. 1462 was passed by the Senate by unanimous consent on 18 November 2005, with some alterations. The bill then went to conference committee, as the House and Senate attempted to reconcile the differences between their two versions of the bills. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN), chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, held the bill in this committee over concerns relating to divestment.[1] The bill was approved by the Senate in revised form on 21 September and passed the House in revised form on 25 September.[2] Shortly thereafter, California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger issued a public letter to President Bush urging him to sign the bill,[3] and many members of Congress did the same. On 13 October 2006, President Bush signed the bill into law.[4] He also signed a companion executive order (see "Provisions," below). Forerunners to the DPAAThe Darfur Accountability Act (S. 495) was introduced on 2 March 2005, by former Sen. Jon Corzine (D-NJ). There were 40 senators who co-sponsored the bill. The Darfur Accountability Act was the first piece of binding Darfur-related legislation introduced in the Senate. The bill directed the president to identify and target individuals responsible for the genocide in Darfur. The United States would freeze assets and deny visas to these individuals.[5] The Darfur Genocide Accountability Act (H.R. 1424) was introduced on March 17, 2005, by Rep. Donald Payne (D-NJ). There were 133 co-sponsors of the bill. The Darfur Genocide Accountability Act was the first piece of binding Darfur-related legislation introduced in the House. The bill was not taken up for a vote and ultimately died, though elements of the bill showed up in the DPAA. The provisions of the Darfur Genocide Accountability Act included targeted sanctions against Sudanese governmental officials, restricted functionality of the Sudanese embassy in the United States, authorization for the president to use force to stop the genocide, and denial of port entry to ships conducting business with Sudan.[6] Subsequent BillsAs a result of the removal of "Section 11," protecting individual U.S. states from lawsuits arising from divestment, Rep. Barbara Lee introduced a new bill (H.R. 6140) containing the stripped provision.[7] Provisions of the DPAAAs described in the text of the bill,[8] the DPAA:
The second item refers to granting AMIS a Chapter VII mandate as opposed to a Chapter VI mandate, allowing it to intervene regardless of permission from the government of Sudan. The final item, which would have protected individual U.S. states from lawsuits arising from divestment, was stripped when the original House bill reached the Senate. Companion Executive OrderIn signing the DPAA, Bush also issued Executive Order 13412 strengthening some sanctions on the government of Sudan but loosening restrictions on Southern Sudan.[9][10] In his letter to the Speaker of the House and the United States Senate, Bush wrote: Pursuant to IEEPA and the NEA, I determined that the Government of Sudan continues to implement policies and actions that violate human rights, in particular with respect to the conflict in Darfur, where the Government of Sudan exercises administrative and legal authority and pervasive practical influence, and that the Government of Sudan has a pervasive role in the petroleum and petrochemical industries in Sudan. In light of these determinations, and in order to reconcile sections 7 and 8 of the DPAA, I issued this order to continue the country wide blocking of the Government of Sudan's property and to prohibit transactions relating to the petroleum and petrochemical industries in Sudan.[11] Voting recordsThe DPAA was one of three Senate bills scored in the Genocide Intervention Network's congressional scorecard for the 109th Congress, and its companion House bill was one of five pieces of legislation.[12] Sen. Brownback, one of the bill's chief sponsors, was named a "champion of Darfur."[13] References1. ^Anxiety mounts as Sen. Lugar delays Darfur peace measure{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}," David Mikhail, The Hill, 7 September 2006. {{Dead link|date=April 2011}} 2. ^Hyde Praises House Passage of Darfur Peace and Accountability Act{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Office of Rep. Henry Hyde, 26 September 2006. 3. ^"Gov. Schwarzenegger Urges President Bush to Sign Darfur Peace and Accountability Act," Office of the Governor [of California], 5 October 2006. 4. ^"Global Action Needed to Protect Civilians, Promote Peace in Darfur {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220004005/http://www.fcnl.org//issues/item.php?item_id=2127&issue_id=104 |date=2006-12-20 }}," fact sheet by the Friends Committee on National Legislation, 17 October 2006; accessed 18 October 2006. 5. ^"Darfur Accountability Act: S. 495 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915124208/http://www.darfurscores.org/darfur-legislation#s495 |date=September 15, 2008 }}," description from the Genocide Intervention Network's Darfur scorecard website. 6. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20061117130027/http://www.darfurscores.org/darfur-legislation#hr1424 Darfur Genocide Accountability Act: H.R. 1424]," description from the Genocide Intervention Network's Darfur scorecard website. PDF text of bill from Genocide Intervention Network website. 7. ^Legislators Move to Strengthen Divestment Efforts against Sudan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020035001/http://voanews.com/english/Africa/2006-09-21-voa7.cfm |date=2006-10-20 }}, Howard Lesser, Voice of America, 21 September 2006; California Divests from Genocidal Government of Sudan, Genocide Intervention Network, 26 September 2006 8. ^"The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act/DPAA," Genocide Intervention Network (quoted from text of Senate bill) , site accessed 21 August 2006. 9. ^"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/13/AR2006101301464.html Bush signs law setting sanctions on Darfur crimes]," Reuters, 13 October 2006 10. ^[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/10/20061013-14.html Executive Order: Blocking Property of and Prohibiting Transactions with the Government of Sudan], White House, 13 October 2006 11. ^[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/10/20061013-16.html Text of a Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate], White House website, 13 October 2006 12. ^ 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://darfurscores.org/champions-of-darfur |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108065945/http://darfurscores.org/champions-of-darfur |archivedate=2009-01-08 |df= }} External links
8 : War in Darfur|Genocide|2006 in law|United States foreign relations legislation|International sanctions|2006 in international relations|2006 in the United States|Sudan–United States relations |
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