| 词条 | Caprinae |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Miocene|present}} | image = Stone Sheep British Columbia.jpg | image_caption = Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei) in British Columbia, 2009 | taxon = Caprinae | authority = Gray, 1821 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = Nemorhaedus Rupicapra Oreamnos Budorcas Ovibos Hemitragus Ammotragus Pseudois Capra Ovis and see text }} The subfamily Caprinae is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine.{{citation needed|date=March 2019|reason=According to Wiktionary, a caprine is a member of the tribe Caprini. A member of the subfamily Caprinae would be called a caprid.}} A member is also sometimes referred to as a goat-antelope, however, this term "goat-antelope" does not mean that these animals are true antelopes: a true antelope is a bovid with a cervid-like or antilocaprid-like morphology. Within this subfamily Caprinae, a prominent tribe, Caprini, includes sheep and goats. Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (whence a caprid), but now it is usually considered a subfamily within the family Bovidae, whence a caprine is a kind of bovid. CharacteristicsAlthough most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the Rocky Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The European mouflon (Ovis musimon) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:
Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over {{convert|1|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long for a full-grown grey goral (Nemorhaedus goral), to almost {{convert|2.5|m|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long for a musk ox, and from under {{convert|30|kg|abbr=on}} to more than {{convert|350|kg|abbr=on}}. Musk oxen in captivity have reached over {{convert|650|kg|abbr=on}}. The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area. The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller in size, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tassellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other. EvolutionThe goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form.[1] The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region. The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage. Extant species{{update-section|date=August 2017}}FAMILY BOVIDAE
Fossil generaThe following extinct genera of Caprinae have been identified:[2][3]
References{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}1. ^{{Cite book|editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Geist, Valerius|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 584–587|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}} {{Artiodactyla|R.3}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q189804}}2. ^tolweb.org 3. ^palaeos.org 4 : Caprids|Extant Miocene first appearances|Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Mammal subfamilies |
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