| 词条 | Death in custody |
| 释义 |
A death in custody is a death of a person in the custody of the police, other authorities or in prison. In the early 21st century, death in custody remains a controversial subject, with the authorities often being accused of abuse, neglect, racism and cover-ups of the causes of these deaths.[1][2] By countryAlgeriaSee Human rights in Algeria ArgentinaSee Human rights in Argentina Australia{{Further information|Punishment in Australia#Deaths in custody|Aboriginal deaths in custody}}In Australia, deaths in custody automatically trigger an inquest.[3] BangladeshAt least 32 people have died in "Operation Clean Heart" by the government of Bangladesh.See Human rights in Bangladesh BurmaSee Insein Prison, Human rights in Burma ChadSee Human rights in Chad ChinaSome estimate 20 million have died in the Chinese prison system. See Laogai, democide. CongoSee Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo CubaSee Human rights in Cuba EgyptSee Human rights in Egypt FinlandAt least 460 people have died in police custody since 1990. About 20 people die in police custody a year, down from 28-30 per year in the nineties.[4] Germany{{see also category|People who died in Nazi concentration camps}}
IndiaSee Police encounter IndonesiaSee Cipinang Penitentiary Institution IranSee 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners and Deaths in custody in Iran IrelandSee Terence Wheelock Jamaica"At least 650 people have been killed by police officers in Jamaica since 1999. Many of these have been blatantly unlawful killings, yet not one officer has been convicted since then." Piers Bannister, Amnesty International’s Jamaica researcher. JapanSee Human rights in Japan LaosSee Human rights in Laos LibyaSee Abu Salim prison Malaysia
MexicoSee Human rights in Mexico MoroccoSee Human rights in Morocco The NetherlandsSee Milan Babić#Death, Death of Slobodan Milošević. North KoreaSee Human rights in North Korea NorwayAbout 40 people have died in police custody over a period of 20 years following 1990. [5] Additionally there's been 45 suicides in custody over a 10 year period from 2008. [6] PakistanSee Human rights in Pakistan RussiaSee Sergei Magnitsky; Salman Raduyev. Saudi ArabiaSee Human rights in Saudi Arabia SomaliaSee Human rights in Somalia South AfricaSouth Africa has an unusually high level of deaths in custody. For example, in April to June 1997, there were 56 deaths in custody.[7]
SudanSee Human rights in Sudan SyriaSee Tadmor Prison massacre TurkeySee Prisons in Turkey UAESee Human rights in the United Arab Emirates United Kingdom{{main|UK deaths in custody}}United States{{see also|Human rights in the United States#Justice system}}Definition of custodyThe term "in custody" has been debated in both California v. Beheler[8] (in regards to what constitutes custody in the requirement to read Miranda rights) but also in other federal court cases related to Miranda law and definition of custody.[9] Although Miranda law has roughly defined custody as the "formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement,"[8] colloquial language may be less restrictive in the use of custody and is thus sometimes difficult to distinguish from the process of arrest. In addition to collecting data on those who have died in custody, the Bureau of Justice Statistics also tracks all deaths related to arrest. This aids in collecting data from the fringes of custody or attempts to arrest an individual.[10] Causes of deathThe causes for death in police custody may range from suspected homicide by members of the police, killings by other inmates, death due to psychological or physical abuse, capital punishment, to suicide, accidental death, or natural causes.[11][12] The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics collects data regarding both the cause of death, as well as medical and criminal records of those that die in police custody (restricted to those in federal prison and local jails).[11] EstimatesThe Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that 17,358 individuals in custody died during the period from 2007-2010.[13] Other publications focus on the rate per 100,000. US jails report deaths that total a mortality rate of 128, and prisons at 264 per 100,000.[14] There are differences in methodology used to obtain these statistics, as some jurisdictions include deaths during attempted arrests, while others do not. Other research has focused on specific states, such as Maryland and the rate of death by identity (gender, race, age).[15] Based on some findings, African-American males appear to be over-represented as victims of sudden custody deaths. Further research with larger sample sizes is necessary.[15] Watchdog organizationsThe Marshall Project collects and produces reports on police killings as well as maintaining a curated list of links to articles and publications related to death in police custody in the United States.[16]Selected persons who have died in custody
Foreign custody by American agents (police, military, etc.)International custody lawThere are numerous laws and international treaties regarding treatment of foreigners, especially during wartime, of which the Geneva Convention is the most widely recognized and internationally ratified. It contains provisions that classify and define both prisoners of war (as well as civilians and the wounded or infirm) and the manner in which they are to be treated.[19] These include but are not limited to: murder, mutilation, hostage taking, and outrages upon personal dignity.[20] These ratified documents are the base of US international custody law and can be seen to be misapplied in some of the proceeding cases. Examples of persons who have died in custody
VietnamSee Human rights in Vietnam YemenSee Human rights in Yemen ZimbabweSee Human rights in Zimbabwe See also
References1. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/167/10/1127 |title=Death behind bars |publisher=Cmaj.ca |date=2002-11-12 |accessdate=2015-02-25}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/167/10/1127.pdf |title=Death behind bars |author1=Stefan Fruehwald |author2=Patrick Frottier |publisher=Cmaj.ca |accessdate=2015-02-25}} 3. ^{{cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |last2=Allam |first2=Lorena |last3=Wahlquist |first3=Calla |last4=Evershed |first4=Nick |title='People will continue to die': coroners' 'deaths in custody' reports ignored |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/aug/31/people-will-continue-to-die-coroners-deaths-in-custody-reports-ignored |accessdate=10 September 2018 |work=Guardian Australia |date=30 August 2018 |language=en}} 4. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/a1305555442420 |title=Suomessa sattuu putkakuolemia parikymmentä vuodessa - Putkakuolemat - Kotimaa - Helsingin Sanomat |publisher=Hs.fi |date= |accessdate=2015-02-25}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/a/65213545|title=Politiet siktet etter dødsfall på glattcelle|date=2009-05-12|website=Dagbladet.no|language=no|access-date=2019-02-24}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/i/p62Jqw|title=45 selvmord i norske fengsler på ti år|website=www.vg.no|language=no|access-date=2019-02-24}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csvr.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:a-lonely-way-to-die-an-examination-of-deaths-in-police-custody&catid=138:publications&Itemid=2 |title=Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation |publisher=Csvr.org.za |date= |accessdate=2015-02-25}} 8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/463/1121.html|title=California v. Beheler|last=|first=|date=March 14, 2017|website=Find Law|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://leb.fbi.gov/2016/february/legal-digest-when-does-handcuffing-constitute-custody-for-purposes-of-miranda|title=When does handcuffing constitute custody for purposes of Miranda|last=Holcomb|first=Jayme|date=February 20, 2016|website=FBI|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=82|title=Arrest related deaths|last=|first=|date=March 14, 2017|website=Bureau of Justice Statistics|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=82|title=Data Collection: Deaths In Custody Reporting Program (DCRP)|last=|first=|date=March 14, 2017|website=Bureau of Justice Statistics|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=Sudden Deaths in Custody|last=Ross|first=Darrell|publisher=Humana Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-58829-475-3|location=Totowa, N.J.|pages=15–138}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Zheng|first=Zhen|year=2016|title=Assessing Inmate Cause of Death|url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/aicddcrpndi.pdf|journal=Bureau of Justice Statistics|volume=|pages=|via=}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Heide|first=Steffen|year=2016|title=Deaths in Police Custody|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1752928X16000366|journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine|volume=57|pages=109–114|via=Elsevier Science Direct|doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2016.01.026|pmid=29801944}} 15. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Southall|first=Pamela|year=2008|title=Police custody deaths in Maryland, USA: An examination of 45 cases|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1752928X07001606|journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=227–230|via=Elsevier Science Direct|doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2007.10.005|pmid=18423355}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/records/543-death-in-police-custody#.ty0lmTcfm|title=Death in Police Custody|last=|first=|date=February 12, 2017|website=The Marshall Project|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 17. ^[https://www.northeastern.edu/law/news/announcements/2016/crrj-gilbert-8.22.html "CRRJ Provides First Full Account of Notorious 1947 Georgia Jailhouse Killing"], Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project, 2016 18. ^[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-jail-guards-guilty-2nd-degree-murder-mentally-ill-inmate-michael-tyree/ CBS/Associated Press (AP), "3 Calif. jail guards found guilty in death of mentally ill inmate"], CBS News, 01 June 2017; accessed 20 October 2018 19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/geneva_conventions|title=Geneva Conventions|last=Kim|first=Jonathan|date=July 2016|website=Cornell University Law School|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/1595a804df7efd6bc125641400640d89/6fef854a3517b75ac125641e004a9e68?OpenDocument|title=Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.|last=|first=|date=March 15, 2017|website=International Committee of the Red Cross|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3 : Causes of death|Imprisonment and detention|Deaths in custody |
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