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词条 Death of Baha Mousa
释义

  1. Death

     Investigation 

  2. Court rulings based on this case[12]

  3. Breach of human rights

  4. Public inquiry

  5. Other enquiries

  6. Further reading

  7. References

  8. External links

     Media 
Baha Mousa was an Iraqi man who died while in British Army custody in Basra, Iraq in September 2003. The inquiry into his death found that Mousa's death was caused by "factors including lack of food and water, heat, exhaustion, fear, previous injuries and the hooding and stress positions used by British troops - and a final struggle with his guards". The inquiry heard that Mousa was hooded for almost 24 hours during his 36 hours of custody by the 1st Battalion of the Queen's Lancashire Regiment and that he suffered at least 93 injuries prior to his death. The report later details that Mousa was subject to several practices banned under both domestic law and the Geneva Conventions. Seven British soldiers were charged in connection with the case. Six were found not guilty. Corporal Donald Payne pleaded guilty to inhumane treatment of a prisoner and was jailed for a year and dismissed from the Army.[1][2][3][4][5]

A final 1,400-page report said a "large number" of soldiers assaulted Mousa and that many others, including officers, must have known about the abuse. The report called his death an "appalling episode of serious gratuitous violence".[2] The inquiry condemned the Ministry of Defence for "corporate failure" and the regiment for a "lack of moral courage to report abuse".[6]

Death

On 14 September 2003, Mousa, a 26-year-old hotel receptionist, was arrested along with six other men and taken to a British base. While in detention, Mousa and the other captives were hooded, severely beaten and assaulted by a number of British troops. Two days later, Mousa was found dead.[7] A post-mortem examination found that Mousa suffered at least 93 injuries, including fractured ribs and a broken nose, which were in part the cause of his death.[8]

Investigation

Seven members of the Queen's Lancashire Regiment were tried on charges relating to the ill treatment of detainees, including those of war crimes under the International Criminal Court Act 2001. On 19 September 2006, Corporal Donald Payne pleaded guilty to a charge of inhumane treatment to persons, making him the first member of the British armed forces to plead guilty to a war crime.[9] He was subsequently jailed for one year and expelled from the army. The BBC reported that the six other soldiers were cleared of any wrongdoing,[10] and the Independent reported that the charges had been dropped, and that the presiding judge, Mr Justice Stuart McKinnon, stated that "none of those soldiers has been charged with any offence, simply because there is no evidence against them as a result of a more or less obvious closing of ranks."[11]

Court rulings based on this case[12]

  1. Colonel Jorge Mendonca – cleared of negligently performing a duty
  2. Sergeant Kelvin Stacey – cleared of common assault
  3. Lance Corporal Wayne Crowcroft – cleared of inhumane treatment
  4. Private Darren Fallon – cleared of inhumane treatment
  5. Corporal Donald Payne – admitted inhumane treatment, cleared of manslaughter and perverting the course of justice
  6. Warrant Officer Mark Davies – cleared of negligently performing a duty &91;13&93;
  7. Major Michael Peebles – cleared of negligently performing a duty &91;13&93;

Breach of human rights

On 27 March 2008, British Defence Secretary Des Browne admitted to "substantial breaches" of the European Convention of Human Rights over the death of Baha Mousa.[14] In July 2008 the Ministry of Defence agreed to pay £2.83 million in compensation to the family of Baha Mousa and nine other men, following an admission of "substantive breaches" of articles 2 and 3 (right to life and prohibition of torture) of the European Convention on Human Rights by the British Army.[15]

Public inquiry

A public inquiry, chaired by the retired Lord Justice of Appeal Sir William Gage, reported on 8 September 2011 after three years of investigation.[16] The report concluded British soldiers had subjected detainees to "serious, gratuitous violence".[17] Army training manuals failed to explain that the five interrogation techniques used had been banned by the British since 1972, and were also illegal under the Geneva Convention.[18]

The inquiry again cleared Mendonca of knowledge of the attacks, but found that as commanding officer he should have known of them.[19] Although the Queen's Lancashire Regiment were cleared of an "entrenched culture of violence", the inquiry found the violence used in the Baha Mousa case was not a lone example, and identified 19 soldiers directly involved in the abuses, including those already unsuccessfully tried at previous Courts Martial.[17] Lawyers for families of the victims suggested there was sufficient evidence for fresh prosecutions in the civilian courts.

Other enquiries

Derek Keilloh had treated Baha Mousa when he was a Medical Officer with the Queen's Lancashire Regiment. In December 2012 Keilloh was struck off the Medical Register, after the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service found him guilty of dishonest conduct in subsequent enquiries into Baha Mousa's death.[20]

Further reading

In October 2012 Andrew T. Williams, professor of law at Warwick University and an adviser to the families' lawyers, published A Very British Killing: The Death of Baha Mousa, an account of the events and the subsequent inquiry.[21] A Very British Killing won the 2013 Orwell Prize for political writing.

References

1. ^{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Thomas |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8751237/Baha-Mousa-inquiry-MoDs-guilt-for-death-of-Armys-Iraqi-prisoner.html |title=Baha Mousa inquiry: MoD's guilt for death of Army's Iraqi prisoner |publisher=Telegraph |date=2011-09-08 |accessdate=2013-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309134252/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8751237/Baha-Mousa-inquiry-MoDs-guilt-for-death-of-Armys-Iraqi-prisoner.html |archive-date=2013-03-09 |dead-url=no |df= }}
2. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14698722 |title=BBC News - Q&A: Baha Mousa inquiry |publisher=BBC |date=2011-09-08 |accessdate=2013-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204220420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14698722 |archive-date=2013-02-04 |dead-url=no |df= }}
3. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10251780 | work=BBC News | title=Baha Mousa hooding inhumane, says ex-army chief | date=2010-06-07 | access-date=2018-06-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120183027/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10251780 | archive-date=2011-11-20 | dead-url=no | df= }}
4. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/defence/5815301/Baha-Mousa-public-inquiry-to-examine-allegations-of-torture-in-British-custody.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Baha Mousa public inquiry to examine allegations of torture in British custody | date=2009-07-13 | access-date=2018-04-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023151510/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/defence/5815301/Baha-Mousa-public-inquiry-to-examine-allegations-of-torture-in-British-custody.html | archive-date=2010-10-23 | dead-url=no | df= }}
5. ^{{cite news | first=Owen | last=Bowcott |author2=Richard Norton-Taylor |authorlink= | title=Inquiry into Iraqi civilian's death to hear of plot to keep ministers in dark over interrogation methods | date=2009-09-12 | publisher= | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/jul/12/baha-mousa-public-inquiry | work =The Guardian | accessdate = 2009-07-14 | location=London}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/9815159.Testimonials_for_accused_GP/ |title=Testimonials for accused GP |publisher=Darlington and Stockton Times |date=2012-07-13 |accessdate=2013-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405215618/http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/9815159.Testimonials_for_accused_GP/ |archive-date=2013-04-05 |dead-url=no |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/fisk12152004.html | title=Who Killed Baha Mousa? | author=Robert Fisk | date=15 December 2004 | work=The Independent | accessdate=2006-09-23 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808053645/http://www.counterpunch.org/fisk12152004.html | archivedate=8 August 2006 | df= }}
8. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5360432.stm | title=British soldier admits war crime | work=BBC News | date=19 September 2006 | accessdate=2006-09-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919191051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5360432.stm | archive-date=2006-09-19 | dead-url=no | df= }}
9. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2365393,00.html | title=British soldier is first to admit war crime | author=Devika Bhat |author2=Jenny Booth | date=September 19, 2006 | work=Times Online | accessdate=2006-09-23 | location=London}}
10. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6609237.stm | title=UK soldier jailed over Iraq abuse | work=BBC News | date=30 April 2007 | accessdate=2007-04-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915051032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6609237.stm | archive-date=2007-09-15 | dead-url=no | df= }}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/article2666413.ece |title=A bloody epitaph to Blair's war |work=Independent on Sunday |date=17 June 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-18 |location=London |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619121716/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/article2666413.ece |archivedate=2007-06-19 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Timeline: Iraqi abuse trial|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6360845.stm|accessdate=8 September 2011|newspaper=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123122617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6360845.stm|archive-date=2011-11-23|dead-url=no|df=}}
13. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/8727075/British-Army-cleared-of-systematic-abuse-by-Baha-Mousa-inquiry.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024023849/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/8727075/British-Army-cleared-of-systematic-abuse-by-Baha-Mousa-inquiry.html |archive-date=2016-10-24 |dead-url=no |df= }}
14. ^[https://archive.is/20120719135200/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/article3558901.ece MoD admits human rights breaches over death of tortured Iraqi civilian, Belfast Telegraph, 28 March 2008]
15. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7500204.stm |title=Iraqis to get £3m in MoD damages |work=BBC News |date=2008-07-10 |accessdate=2008-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719095054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7500204.stm |archive-date=2008-07-19 |dead-url=no |df= }}
16. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/08/baha-mousa-inquiry-recommendations Baha Mousa inquiry makes 73 recommendations] The Guardian, 8 September 2011
17. ^1 [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8751237/Baha-Mousa-inquiry-MoDs-guilt-for-death-of-Armys-Iraqi-prisoner.html Baha Mousa inquiry: MoD's guilt for death of Army's Iraqi prisoner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229002106/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8751237/Baha-Mousa-inquiry-MoDs-guilt-for-death-of-Armys-Iraqi-prisoner.html |date=2016-12-29 }} The Telegraph, 8 September 2011
18. ^Deplorable, shocking, shameful: Fox's verdict on troops who beat Iraqi as he vows to end 'conspiracy of silence' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910161725/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2035029/Baha-Mousa-inquiry-Army-condemned-gratuitous-violence.html |date=2011-09-10 }} Daily Mail, 8 September 2011
19. ^British army suspends more soldiers following Baha Mousa inquiry {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924200359/http://www.thejournal.ie/british-army-suspends-more-soldiers-following-baha-mousa-inquiry-221477-Sep2011/ |date=2012-09-24 }} The Journal, 9 September 2011
20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20809692 |title=Baha Mousa death: Army doctor Derek Keilloh struck off |work=BBC News |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=2018-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403073345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20809692 |archive-date=2016-04-03 |dead-url=no |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/people/furtherpublications?ssn=Mr/4sdjBEsg=&inst=WARWICK |title=A Very British Killing: The Death of Baha Mousa |publisher=Jonathan Cape |accessdate=2014-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315042039/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/people/furtherpublications?ssn=Mr%2F4sdjBEsg%3D&inst=WARWICK |archivedate=2015-03-15 |df= }}

External links

  • [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/27/baha-mousa-inquiry-soldiers Soldiers viewed all Iraqis as 'scum', Baha Mousa inquiry hears] The Guardian, 27 April 2010
  • UK Troops beat Iraqi to death BBC News
  • The Baha Mousa Public Inquiry Website Archived by The UK National Archives

Media

  • Video Video shows British Army officer screaming at hooded Iraqi civilians
{{WoTPrisoners|state=collapsed}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mousa, Baha}}

17 : 1970s births|Year of birth missing|2003 deaths|2003 in Iraq|Deaths by beating|Deaths by person|Iraqi murder victims|Iraqi people who died in prison custody|Iraqi torture victims|Military scandals|Murder in 2003|People murdered in Iraq|Prisoners who died in British military detention|Torture in the United Kingdom|War crimes in Iraq|2003 in military history|September 2003 events
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