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词条 Debris disk
释义

  1. Observation history

  2. Origin

  3. Known belts

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

A debris disk is a circumstellar disk of dust and debris in orbit around a star. Sometimes these disks contain prominent rings, as seen in the image of Fomalhaut on the right. Debris disks have been found around both mature and young stars, as well as at least one debris disk in orbit around an evolved neutron star.[1] Younger debris disks can constitute a phase in the formation of a planetary system following the protoplanetary disk phase, when terrestrial planets may finish growing.[2] They can also be produced and maintained as the remnants of collisions between planetesimals, otherwise known as asteroids and comets.[3]

By 2001, over 900 candidate stars had been found to possess a debris disk. They are usually discovered by examining the star system in infrared light and looking for an excess of radiation beyond that emitted by the star. This excess is inferred to be radiation from the star that has been absorbed by the dust in the disk, then re-radiated away as infrared energy.[4]

Debris disks are often described as massive analogs to the debris in the Solar System. Most known debris disks have radii of 10–100 astronomical units (AU); they resemble the Kuiper belt in the Solar System, but with much more dust. Some debris disks contain a component of warmer dust located within 10 AU from the central star. This dust is sometimes called exozodiacal dust by analogy to zodiacal dust in the Solar System.

Observation history

In 1984 a debris disk was detected around the star Vega using the IRAS satellite. Initially this was believed to be a protoplanetary disk, but it is now known to be a debris disk due to the lack of gas in the disk and the age of the star. The first four debris disks discovered with IRAS are known as the "fabulous four": Vega, Beta Pictoris, Fomalhaut, and Epsilon Eridani. Subsequently, direct images of the Beta Pictoris disk showed irregularities in the dust, which were attributed to gravitational perturbations by an unseen exoplanet.[6] That explanation was confirmed with the 2008 discovery of the exoplanet Beta Pictoris b.[7]

Other exoplanet-hosting stars, including the first discovered by direct imaging (HR 8799), are known to also host debris disks.The nearby star 55 Cancri, a system that is also known to contain five planets, was reported to also have a debris disk,[8] but that detection could not be confirmed.[9]

Structures in the debris disk around Epsilon Eridani suggest perturbations by a planetary body in orbit around that star, which may be used to constrain the mass and orbit of the planet.[10]

On 24 April 2014, NASA reported detecting debris disks in archival images of several young stars, HD 141943 and HD 191089, first viewed between 1999 and 2006 with the Hubble Space Telescope, by using newly improved imaging processes.[11]

Origin

During the formation of a Sun-like star, the object passes through the T-Tauri phase during which it is surrounded by a gas-rich, disk-shaped nebula. Out of this material are formed planetesimals, which can continue accreting other planetesimals and disk material to form planets. The nebula continues to orbit the pre-main-sequence star for a period of {{nowrap|1–20 million years}} until it is cleared out by radiation pressure and other processes. Second generation dust may then be generated about the star by collisions between the planetesimals, which forms a disk out of the resulting debris. At some point during their lifetime, at least 45% of these stars are surrounded by a debris disk, which then can be detected by the thermal emission of the dust using an infrared telescope. Repeated collisions can cause a disk to persist for much of the lifetime of a star.[12]

Typical debris disks contain small grains 1–100 μm in size. Collisions will grind down these grains to sub-micrometre sizes, which will be removed from the system by radiation pressure from the host star. In very tenuous disks like the ones in the Solar System, the Poynting–Robertson effect can cause particles to spiral inward instead. Both processes limit the lifetime of the disk to 10 Myr or less. Thus, for a disk to remain intact, a process is needed to continually replenish the disk. This can occur, for example, by means of collisions between larger bodies, followed by a cascade that grinds down the objects to the observed small grains.[13]

For collisions to occur in a debris disk, the bodies must be gravitationally perturbed sufficiently to create relatively large collisional velocities. A planetary system around the star can cause such perturbations, as can a binary star companion or the close approach of another star.[13] The presence of a debris disk may indicate a high likelihood of exoplanets orbiting the star.[14] Furthermore, many debris disks also show structures within the dust (for example, clumps and warps) that point to the presence of one or more exoplanets within the disk.[7]

Known belts

Belts of dust or debris have been detected around many stars, including the Sun, including the following:

StarSpectral
class[15]		Distance
(ly)		Orbit
(AU)		Notes
Epsilon EridaniK2V10.535–75[10]
Tau CetiG8V11.935–50[16]
VegaA0V2586–200[17][18]
FomalhautA3V25133–158[17]
AU MicroscopiiM1Ve3350–150[19]
HD 181327F5.5V51.889-110[20]
HD 69830K0V41<1[21]
HD 207129 G0V52148–178[22]
HD 139664F5IV–V5760–109[23]
Eta CorviF2V59100–150[24]
HD 53143K1V60?[23]
Beta PictorisA6V6325–550[18]
Zeta LeporisA2Vann702–8[25]
HD 92945 K1V7245–175[26]
HD 107146G2V88130[27]
Gamma OphiuchiA0V95520[28]
HR 8799A5V12975[29]
51 OphiuchiB91310.5–1200[30]
HD 12039G3–5V1375[31]
HD 98800 K5e (?)1501[32]
HD 15115F2V150315–550[33]
HR 4796 AA0V220200[34][35]
HD 141569B9.5e320400[35]
HD 113766 AF4V4300.35–5.8[36]
HD 141943[11]
HD 191089[11]

The orbital distance of the belt is an estimated mean distance or range, based either on direct measurement from imaging or derived from the temperature of the belt. The Earth has an average distance from the Sun of 1 AU.

See also

  • Accretion disc
  • Asteroid belt
  • Protoplanetary disk

References

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2. ^{{cite news |title=Spitzer Team Says Debris Disk Could Be Forming Infant Terrestrial Planets |publisher=NASA |date=2005-12-14 |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051214/ |accessdate=2007-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908075059/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051214/ |archivedate=2006-09-08 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
3. ^{{cite news |title=Spitzer Sees Dusty Aftermath of Pluto-Sized Collision |publisher=NASA |date=2005-01-10 |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051214/ |accessdate=2007-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908075059/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051214/ |archivedate=2006-09-08 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.roe.ac.uk/ukatc/research/topics/dust/identification.html |title = Debris Disk Database |publisher = Royal Observatory Edinburgh |accessdate = 2007-01-03 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080810004849/http://www.roe.ac.uk/ukatc/research/topics/dust/identification.html |archivedate = 2008-08-10 |df = }}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Mysterious Ripples Found Racing Through Planet-forming Disc|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1538/|accessdate=8 October 2015}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/309188|title=Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Coronagraphic Observations of Beta Pictoris|last=Heap|first=S|date=2000|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2012/06/aa18274-11/aa18274-11.html|title=The position of Beta Pictoris b position relative to the debris disk|last=Lagrange|first=A-M|date=2012|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
8. ^{{cite news | title=University Of Arizona Scientists Are First To Discover Debris Disk Around Star Orbited By Planet | publisher=ScienceDaily | date=1998-10-03 | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/10/981023073211.htm | accessdate=2006-05-24 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | author=Schneider, G. | author2=Becklin, E. E. | author3=Smith, B. A. | author4=Weinberger, A. J. | author5=Silverstone, M. | author6=Hines, D. C. | title=NICMOS Coronagraphic Observations of 55 Cancri | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=121 | issue=1 | date=2001 | pages=525–537 | bibcode=2001AJ....121..525S | doi=10.1086/318050|arxiv = astro-ph/0010175 }}
10. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Greaves, J. S. | author2=Holland, W. S. | author3=Wyatt, M. C. | author4=Dent, W. R. F. | author5=Robson, E. I. | author6=Coulson, I. M. | author7=Jenness, T. | author8=Moriarty-Schieven, G. H. | author9=Davis, G. R. | author10=Butner, H. M. | author11=Gear, W. K. | author12=Dominik, C. | author13=Walker, H. J. | title=Structure in the Epsilon Eridani Debris Disk | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=619 | date=2005 | issue=2 | pages=L187 – L190 | doi=10.1086/428348| bibcode=2005ApJ...619L.187G}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |last1=Harrington |first1=J.D. |last2=Villard |first2=Ray |title=RELEASE 14-114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive |date=24 April 2014 |work=NASA |deadurl=no |archivedate=2014-04-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425125432/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive/ |accessdate=2014-04-25 }}
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13. ^1 {{cite web | author=Kenyon, Scott | author2=Bromley, Benjamin | date=2007 | url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kenyon/pf/dd/flyby.html | title=Stellar Flybys & Planetary Debris Disks | publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory | accessdate=2007-07-23 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | author=Raymond, Sean N. | title=Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=530 | pages=A62 | arxiv=1104.0007 | date=2011 | bibcode=2011A&A...530A..62R | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201116456 | displayauthors=2 | last2=Armitage | first2=P. J. | last3=Moro-Martín | first3=A. | last4=Booth | first4=M. | last5=Wyatt | first5=M. C. | last6=Armstrong | first6=J. C. | last7=Mandell | first7=A. M. | last8=Selsis | first8=F. | last9=West | first9=A. A. }}
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16. ^{{cite journal | author=Greaves, J. S. | author2=Wyatt, M. C. | author3=Holland, W. S. | author4=Dent, W. R. F. | title=The debris disc around tau Ceti: a massive analogue to the Kuiper Belt | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=2004 | volume=351 | issue=3 | pages=L54–L58 | bibcode=2004MNRAS.351L..54G | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07957.x }}
17. ^1 {{cite press release|title=Astronomers discover possible new Solar Systems in formation around the nearby stars Vega and Fomalhaut|date=1998-04-21|publisher=Joint Astronomy Centre|url=http://outreach.jach.hawaii.edu/pressroom/1998_vega/|accessdate=2006-04-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216160151/http://outreach.jach.hawaii.edu/pressroom/1998_vega/|archivedate=2008-12-16|df=}}
18. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Backman | first = D. E. | title=Dust in beta PIC / VEGA Main Sequence Systems | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | date=1996 | volume=28 | pages=1056 | bibcode=1996DPS....28.0122B }}
19. ^{{cite news | first=Robert | last=Sanders | title=Dust around nearby star like powder snow | publisher=UC Berkeley News | date=2007-01-08 | url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/01/08_dust.shtml | accessdate=2007-01-11 }}
20. ^{{cite journal | author=Lebreton, J. | title=An icy Kuiper belt around the young solar-type star HD 181327 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | date=2012 | volume=539 | issue=1 | pages=A17 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117714 |arxiv = 1112.3398 |bibcode = 2012A&A...539A..17L | last2=Augereau | first2=J.-C. | last3=Thi | first3=W.-F. | last4=Roberge | first4=A. | displayauthors=4 | last5=Donaldson | first5=J. | last6=Schneider | first6=G. | last7=Maddison | first7=S. T. | last8=Ménard | first8=F. | last9=Riviere-Marichalar | first9=P. | last10=Mathews | first10=G. S. | last11=Kamp | first11=I. | last12=Pinte | first12=C. | last13=Dent | first13=W. R. F. | last14=Barrado | first14=D. | last15=Duchêne | first15=G. | last16=Gonzalez | first16=J.-F. | last17=Grady | first17=C. A. | last18=Meeus | first18=G. | last19=Pantin | first19=E. | last20=Williams | first20=J. P. | last21=Woitke | first21=P. }}
21. ^{{cite journal | author=Lisse, C. M. | author2=Beichman, C. A. | author3=Bryden, G. | author4=Wyatt, M. C. | title=On the Nature of the Dust in the Debris Disk around HD 69830 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=1999 | volume=658 | issue=1 | pages=584–592 | bibcode=2007ApJ...658..584L | doi=10.1086/511001 |arxiv = astro-ph/0611452 }}
22. ^{{cite journal | last=Krist | first=John E. | title=HST and Spitzer Observations of the HD 207129 Debris Ring | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=140 | issue=4 | pages=1051–1061 |date=October 2010 | bibcode=2010AJ....140.1051K | doi=10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/1051 |arxiv = 1008.2793 | displayauthors=2 | last2=Stapelfeldt | first2=Karl R. |last3=Bryden |first3=Geoffrey |last4=Rieke | first4=George H. | last5=Su | first5=K. Y. L. | last6=Chen | first6=Christine C. | last7=Beichman | first7=Charles A. | last8=Hines | first8=Dean C. | last9=Rebull | first9=Luisa M. | last10=Tanner | first10=Angelle | last11=Trilling | first11=David E. | last12=Clampin | first12=Mark | last13=Gáspár | first13=András }}
23. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Kalas, Paul | author2=Graham, James R. | author3=Clampin, Mark C. | author4=Fitzgerald, Michael P. | title=First Scattered Light Images of Debris Disks around HD 53143 and HD 139664 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2006 | volume=637 | issue=1 | pages=L57–L60 | bibcode=2006ApJ...637L..57K | doi=10.1086/500305 |arxiv = astro-ph/0601488 }}
24. ^{{cite journal | author=Wyatt, M. C. | author2=Greaves, J. S. | author3=Dent, W. R. F. | author4=Coulson, I. M. | title=Submillimeter Images of a Dusty Kuiper Belt around Corvi | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2005 | volume=620 | issue=1 | pages=492–500 | doi=10.1086/426929 | bibcode=2005ApJ...620..492W|arxiv = astro-ph/0411061 }}
25. ^{{cite journal | author=Moerchen, M. M. | author2=Telesco, C. M. | author3=Packham, C. | author4=Kehoe, T. J. J. | title=Mid-infrared resolution of a 3 AU-radius debris disk around Zeta Leporis | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=655 | issue=2 | pages=L109 | date=2006 | arxiv=astro-ph/0612550 |bibcode = 2007ApJ...655L.109M |doi = 10.1086/511955 }}
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27. ^{{cite journal | author=Williams | title=Detection of cool dust around the G2V star HD 107146 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=2004 | volume=604 | issue=1 | pages=414–419 | arxiv=astro-ph/0311583| doi=10.1086/381721 | bibcode=2004ApJ...604..414W| name-list-format=vanc | author2= Jonathan P. | displayauthors=2 | last3=Liu | first3=Michael C. | last4=Bottinelli | first4=Sandrine | last5=Carpenter | first5=John M. | last6=Hillenbrand | first6=Lynne A. | last7=Meyer | first7=Michael R. | last8=Soderblom | first8=David R. }}
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32. ^{{cite journal |title=HD 98800: A 10-Myr-Old Transition Disk |date=2007-05-02 |first=Elise |last=Furlan |author2=Sargent |author3=Calvet |author4=Forrest |author5=D'Alessio |author6=Hartmann |author7=Watson |author8=Green |author9=Najita |doi=10.1086/519301 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=664 |issue=2 |pages=1176–1184 |arxiv=0705.0380 |bibcode=2007ApJ...664.1176F|display-authors=8 |last10=Chen |first10=C. H. }}
33. ^{{cite journal | author=Kalas, Paul | author2=Fitzgerald, Michael P. | author3=Graham, James R. | title=Discovery of Extreme Asymmetry in the Debris Disk Surrounding HD 15115 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2007 | volume=661 | issue=1 | pages=L85–L88 | bibcode=2007ApJ...661L..85K | doi=10.1086/518652 |arxiv = 0704.0645 }}
34. ^{{cite journal | author=Koerner, D. W. | author2=Ressler, M. E. | author3=Werner, M. W. | author4=Backman, D. E. | title=Mid-Infrared Imaging of a Circumstellar Disk around HR 4796: Mapping the Debris of Planetary Formation | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | date=1998 | volume=503 | issue=1 | pages=L83 | bibcode=1998ApJ...503L..83K | doi=10.1086/311525|arxiv = astro-ph/9806268 }}
35. ^1 {{cite web | author=Villard, Ray | author2=Weinberger, Alycia | author3=Smith, Brad | date=1999-01-08 | url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/03/text/ | title=Hubble Views of Dust Disks and Rings Surrounding Young Stars Yield Clues | publisher=HubbleSite | accessdate=2007-06-17 }}
36. ^{{cite news |author = Meyer, M. R. |author2 = Backman, D. |title = Belt of Material Around Star May Be First Step in Terrestrial Planet Formation |publisher = University of Arizona, NASA |date = 2002-01-08 |url = http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=2830 |accessdate = 2007-07-17 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607234409/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=2830 |archivedate = 2011-06-07 |df = }}

External links

{{Commons category|Debris disks}}
  • {{cite web

| last = McCabe | first = Caer | date =2019-03-08
| url =http://www.circumstellardisks.org/
| title =Catalog of Resolved Circumstellar Disks
| publisher = NASA JPL | accessdate =2019-03-08 }}

1 : Circumstellar disks
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