| 词条 | Debuccalization |
| 释义 |
Debuccalization is a sound change in which an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis (usually {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, or {{IPAblink|ʔ}}).[1] The pronunciation of a consonant as {{IPA|[h]}} is sometimes called aspiration but in phonetics, aspiration is the burst of air accompanying a stop. The word comes from Latin {{lang|la|bucca}}, meaning "cheek" or "mouth". Debuccalization is usually seen as a sub-type of lenition, often defined as a consonant mutation involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. Debuccalization processes occur in many different types of environments such as the following:[2]
Glottal stopArabic{{IPA|/q/}} is debuccalized to {{IPA|/ʔ/}} in several Arabic varieties, such as northern Egyptian, Lebanese, western Syrian, and urban Palestinian dialects, partially also in Jordanian Arabic (especially by female speakers).{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} The Maltese language, which was originally an Arabic dialect, also shows this feature.British and American EnglishMost English-speakers in England and many speakers of American English debuccalize {{IPA|/t/}} to a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} in two environments: in word-final position before another consonant (American English IPA)
and before a syllabic {{IPA|[n̩]}} following {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, or a vowel. Here the {{IPA|/t/}} may also be nasally released. (American English IPA)
Cockney EnglishIn Cockney English, {{IPA|/t/}} is often realized as a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} between vowels, liquids and nasals (notably in the word bottle), a process called t-glottalization. GermanIn German, voiceless stops are commonly debuccalized before syllabic nasals in the following clusters: {{IPA|/mpm̩, ltn̩, ntn̩, ŋkŋ̍/}}, which thus become {{IPA|[mʔm̩, lʔn̩, nʔn̩, ŋʔŋ̍]}}. For example, {{lang|de|Lumpen}} (“rags, tatters”) is pronounced {{IPA|[lʊmʔm̩]}}. In some dialects, debuccalization may also occur before syllabic {{IPA|[l̩]}}, though this is less common. Voiced stops are not usually debuccalized. However, many Upper German and East Central German dialects merge voiced and unvoiced stops at least word-internally and these merged consonants will be debuccalized. Thus in Bavarian, {{lang|bar|Anten}} (“ducks”) and {{lang|bar|Anden}} (“Andes”) are both pronounced {{IPA|[ˈɑnʔn̩]}}. Speakers are often unaware of this. Glottal fricativeSlaveyAll coda consonants in Slavey must be glottal. When a non-glottal consonant would otherwise be positioned in a syllable coda, it debuccalizes to {{IPA|[h]}}:[3]
Scots/Scottish EnglishIn some varieties of Scots (and Scottish English), particularly on the West coast, a non word-final {{IPA|/θ/}} th shifted to {{IPA|[h]}}, a process called th-debuccalization. For example, {{IPA|/θɪn/}} is realised as {{IPA|[hɪn]}}. Proto-GreekIn Proto-Greek, {{IPA|/s/}} shifted to {{IPA|[h]}} initially and between sonorants (vowels, liquids and nasals).
Intervocalic {{IPA|/h/}} was lost by the time of Ancient Greek, and vowels in hiatus were contracted in the Attic dialect.
Before a liquid or nasal, an {{IPA|/h/}} was assimilated to the preceding vowel in Attic-Ionic and Doric and to the following nasal in Aeolic. The process is also described as loss of {{IPA|/h/}} and subsequent lengthening of a vowel or consonant to keep the syllable the same length (compensatory lengthening).
SanskritIn Sanskrit, {{IPA|/s/}} becomes {{IPA|[h]}} (written {{transl|sa|ḥ}} in transliteration) when utterance-final, e.g., {{transl|sa|kā́mas}} "erotic love" becomes {{transl|sa|kā́maḥ}}. West IberianSpanish{{main|Spanish dialects and varieties#Debuccalization of coda /s/|l1=Spanish dialects and varieties: Debuccalization of coda /s/}}A number of Spanish dialects debuccalize {{IPA|/s/}} at the end of a syllable to {{IPA|[h]}} or {{IPAblink|ɦ}}. GalicianIn many varieties of Galician as well as in Galician-influenced Spanish, the phoneme {{IPA|/g/}} may debuccalize ({{lang|gl|gheada}}) to {{IPAblink|h}} in most or all instances, though {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|ħ}} are also possible realizations. There is also an inverse hypercorrection process of older or less educated Galician speakers replacing the phoneme {{IPAslink|x}} of the Spanish language by {{IPA|[g]}}, what is called {{lang|gl|gueada}}. PortuguesePortuguese is much less affected by debuccalization, but it is especially notorious in its Brazilian variety. All over Brazil, the phoneme {{IPA|/ʁ/}} (historically an alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} that moved to an uvular position by both French and Arab-Berber influence){{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} has a rather long inventory of allophones:{{IPA|[{{IPAplink|r}} {{IPAplink|ʂ|ɻ̝̊}} {{IPAplink|ç}} {{IPAplink|x}} {{IPAplink|ɣ}} {{IPAplink|χ}} {{IPAplink|ʁ}} {{IPAplink|ʀ}} {{IPAplink|ħ}} {{IPAplink|h}} {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Only {{IPAblink|ɣ}} is uncommon. Few dialects, such as {{lang|pt|sulista}} and {{lang|pt|fluminense}}, give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants. In such dialects, especially among people speaking an educated variety of Portuguese, it is usual for the rhotic coda in the syllable rhyme to be an alveolar tap, as in European Portuguese and many registers of Spanish, or to be realized as {{IPAblink|χ}} or {{IPAblink|x}}. In the rest of the country, it is generally realized as {{IPAblink|h}}, even among speakers not normally using this allophone or deleting it entirely, as is common in the vernacular. However, in some {{lang|pt|mineiro}}- and {{lang|pt|mineiro}}-influenced {{lang|pt|fluminense}} rural registers, {{IPA|[h]}} is used but as an allophone of {{IPAslink|l}} (rhotic consonants are most often deletede), a {{lang|pt|mar-mal}} merger, instead of the much more common and less stigmatized {{lang|pt|mau-mal|nocat=yes}} merger characteristic of all Brazilian urban centers except for those bordering Mercosur countries, where coda {{IPAblink|ɫ}} was preserved, and the entire North and Northeast regions. Its origin is the replacement of indigenous languages and {{lang|pt|línguas gerais}} by Portuguese,{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} which created {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, {{IPAblink|ɻ}} and r-colored vowel as allophones of both {{IPA|/ɾ/}} (now mostly {{IPA|/ʁ/}}) and {{IPA|/l/}} (now mostly {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|w|u̯}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʊ|ʊ̯}}]}}) phonemes in the coda since Natives could not easily pronounce them (caipira dialect).{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} The later Portuguese influence from other regions made those allophones become rarer in some areas, but the {{lang|pt|mar-mal}} merger did not disappear in a few isolated villages and towns. Finally, many {{lang|pt|fluminense}} registers, especially those of the poor and of the youth, most northern and northeastern dialects, and, to a much minor degree, all other Brazilian dialects, debuccalize {{IPA|/s/}} (that is, {{IPA|[ɕ ~ ʑ]}}) but less so than in Spanish. However, a {{lang|pt|mar-mas}} merger or even a {{lang|pt|mar-mais}} merger occurs: {{lang|pt|mas mesmo assim}} "but even so" or {{lang|pt|mas mesma, sim}} "though, right, the same (f) one" {{IPA|[mɐɦ ˈmeɦmə ˈsĩ]}}; {{lang|pt|mais}} light "lighter, more slim", or also "less caloric/fatty" {{IPA|[ˈmaɦ ˈlajtɕ]}}; {{lang|pt|mas de mim, não}} "but from me, no" or {{lang|pt|mais de mim, não}} "not more from me" {{IPA|[ˈmaɦ dʑi ˈmĩ ˈnɜ̃w]}}. A coda rhotic in the Brazilian dialects in the Centro-Sul area is hardly ever glottal, and the debuccalized {{IPA|/s/}} is unlikely to be confused with it. RomanianIn the Moldavian dialect of Romanian, {{IPAslink|f}} is debuccalised to {{IPA|[h]}} and so, for example, {{lang|ro|să fie}} becomes {{lang|ro|să hie}}. The same occurred in Old Spanish, Old Gascon and Old Japanese. Goidelic Languages{{main|Scottish Gaelic phonology#Lenition and spelling|Irish initial mutations|l1=Scottish Gaelic phonology: Lenition and spelling}}In Scottish and Irish Gaelic, s and t changed by lenition to {{IPA|[h]}}, spelled sh and th. LoanwordsDebuccalization can be a feature of loanword phonology. For example, while Korean allows certain coda obstruents, Japanese does not. Those consonants realized in Korean as unreleased voiceless stops ({{IPA|[p˺ t˺ k˺]}}) may be realized in Japanese as glottal stops:[4]
Similarly, debuccalization can be seen in Indonesian loans into Selayar.[5] References1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|O'Brien|2012|p=2}} 2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|O'Brien|2012|pp=8–10}} 3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Smith|2008|p=527}} 4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Whang|2012|p=2}} 5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|O'Brien|2012|p=28}} Bibliography
|last=O'Brien |first=Jeremy Paul |year=2012 |title=An experimental approach to debuccalization and supplementary gestures |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cm694ff }}
|last=Smith |first=Jennifer L. |year=2008 |chapter=X Markedness, faithfulness, positions, and contexts: Lenition and fortition in Optimality Theory |editor-last=de Carvalho |editor-first=Joaquim Brandão |editor2-last=Scheer |editor2-first=Tobias |editor3-last=Ségéral |editor3-first=Philippe |title=Lenition and Fortition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztksXfGwLVgC&dq= }}
|last=Whang |first=James Dy |year=2012 |title=Perception of Illegal Contrasts: Japanese Adaptations of Korean Coda Obstruents |journal=Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |url=https://files.nyu.edu/jdw412/public/james.whang/main_files/Whang.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624212809/https://files.nyu.edu/jdw412/public/james.whang/main_files/Whang.pdf |archivedate=2013-06-24 |df= }} External links
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