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词条 Deekshabhoomi
释义

  1. History

  2. Architecture

     Construction  Stupa  Vihar and the Bodhi Tree 

  3. Tourism

  4. Literature

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}{{Infobox building
| name = Deekshabhoomi
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Deekshabhoomi - panoramio.jpg
| caption = Deekshabhoomi Stupa
| location = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| address = Central Nagpur[1]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|7|41|N|79|4|1|E|type:landmark}}
| start_date = July 1978
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 18 December 2001
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| architect = Sheo Dan Mal, Shashi Sharma
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}}Deekshabhoomi is a sacred monument of Navayana Buddhism located where the architect of the Indian Constitution, B. R. Ambedkar,[2] converted to Buddhism with approximately {{formatnum:600000}} followers on Ashok Vijaya Dashami [3] on 14 October 1956.[4][5] Ambedkar's conversion to Buddhism is deeply significant for millions of people in India.[6]

Deekshabhoomi is in Nagpur, Maharashtra, a location regarded as a pilgrimage center of Buddhism in India. Millions of pilgrims visit Deekshabhoomi every year,[7] especially on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din ("Mass Conversion Ceremony Day")[7] and 14 October, the memorial day when Ambedkar converted to Buddhism here. His final religious act was to embrace Buddhism.[8] Today, the largest stupa in Asia is erected in his memory at the site.[9]

Deeksha literally means 'act of ordaining'[10] and bhoomi means the 'ground'.[11] Deekshabhoomi means the ground where people got ordained as Buddhist. This religious mass conversion at one place was the first ever of its kind in history.[2] Deekshabhoomi is one of two places of considered to be of great importance in the life of Ambedkar, the other being Chaitya Bhoomi in Mumbai.[12]

History

Ambedkar had declared in 1935 that although he was born as a Hindu, he would not die as one,[13] as conversion was the solution to abandon the caste system.[14] After this declaration and having extensively and exhaustively studied the doctrines of all the major world religions, Ambedkar would choose Buddhism for himself and his followers.[14]

Buddhism was 2,550 years old in 1956, so it was a notable year of celebration for the Buddhist religious world globally and 14 October was the traditional date of conversion of Emperor Ashoka, the great Indian Buddhist Monarch and the day is celebrated as Ashok Vijaya Dashmi.[15] He selected Nagpur for his conversion ceremony, as he explained in his speech at that occasion, because Nagpur was the homeland of 'Nag' people who embraced Buddhism, supported it with great efforts in its early period, and propagated it throughout India.[16][17] Ground near the Ramdaspeth area in Nagpur was selected for the ceremony.

On 14 October 1956, Ambedkar and his wife took the oath of Three Jewels and Five Precepts from the Burmese monk Mahasthavir Chandramani from Kushinagar.[21][18] Ambedkar then gave the oath of Three Jewels, Five Precepts, and 22 Vows to his thousands of followers.[19] In this way, Nagpur became the birthplace of Neo Buddhist movement.[20]

Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, one and a half months after the Deeksha ceremony. However, this ceremonial conversion continued after his death, converting 15-20 million by March 1959.[21] After his death the 'Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Smarak Samiti' (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial committee) was organized for the management of Deekshabhoomi. The committee decided to build a stupa at the place as a monument of that ceremony and a mass conversion of people to Buddhism.

Architecture

Construction

Deekshabhoomi is spread over four acres of significant land in the city.[2] The stupa was designed by architect Sheo Dan Mal.[22] In 1968, construction started with residential houses for monks, later on P/G College. Construction of the stupa started in July 1978, but it took a long time to finish.[23] The stupa was inaugurated on 18 December 2001 by the President of India K. R. Narayanan.[9]

Stupa

It comprises a large two storied hemispherical buildings with gates resembling a Sanchi gate.[2] Five thousand monks can stay in each storey.[23] The design of the stupa at Deekshabhoomi is based on the architecture of the world famous stupa of Sanchi.[24] But unlike the stupa of Sanchi, Deekshabhoomi stupa is completely hollow inside.[20][25][26][27] It is the largest hollow stupa among all Buddhist stupas in the world.[20] The inner circular hall is spread across 4000 square feet[2] with granite, marble and Dholpur sandstone used in its construction.[23]

On the ground floor, there is a 211 x 211 feet large square hall. At the center of this hall, an image of Buddha is placed. This image was donated to Deekshabhoomi by Thai students studying at Nagpur University. There is a library and a photo exhibition of the events in the lives of Gautama Buddha and Ambedkar.

Above the hall, there is a hollow dome. This dome is surrounded by a veranda. On all four sides, fountains are placed. Above the dome, there is a small slab and a little decorative umbrella. The stupa has doors facing four directions. The doors open in large arcs, which are decorated with Ashok Chakras, and statues of horses, elephants, and lions.

Around the stupa, there is a garden that is maintained by the Nagpur Improvement Trust.[28] Statues of Ambedkar and images of Gautama Buddha are in front of the stupa.

Vihar and the Bodhi Tree

In front of the stupa, on the right hand side, there is a Buddha Vihara with a bronze image of lord Buddha.

Besides the Vihara, there is the Bodhi Tree: a sacred fig tree. This Bodhi Tree was planted at Deekshabhoomi from three branches of the Bodhi Tree at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka. Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan brought these branches from Sri Lanka as a memorial of Buddha's enlightenment.[29]

Tourism

Deekshabhoomi is famous for its architectural beauty and historical importance. It is one of the main centers of tourism in India.[8] Every year, thousands of tourists visit Deekshabhoomi, especially on the anniversary of the conversion ceremony.[30] On Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din, thousands of compact cassettes of Ambedkar, Ambedkar movement and Buddha songs are sold at Deekshabhoomi. The books of few crore rupees in different languages are sold in a single day, this makes Deekshabhoomi a unique place in the world.[31]

Foreign tourists come mainly from the Buddhist countries such as Japan and Thailand.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

Literature

  • Special issue of Lokrajya, the publication of Govt. of Maharashtra on silver jubilee of 1956 ceremony.
  • Deeksha, Special issue of Daily Sakaal in October 2005
  • [https://archive.is/20130807132635/http://epaper.esakal.com/esakal/20121012/5124424489431515836.htm "दीक्षाभूमी'चा भूखंड आवळेबाबूंच्या संघर्षाचे फलित ]

See also

  • Statue of Equality
  • Global Vipassana Pagoda
  • Deekshabhoomi Express
  • Chaitya Bhoomi

References

1. ^{{cite book | first=Dhananjay | last=Keer | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission | language=Marathi }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last=Philip|first=A. J.|title=Warriors of the faith|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051113/spectrum/main1.htm|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=13 November 2005}}
3. ^Deeksha Bhoomi, Nagpur – Ambedkar Buddhism Conversion : Photos & Videos
4. ^ This was Ambedkar's own figure given by him in a letter to Devapriya Valishinha dated 30 October 1956. The Maha Bodhi Vol. 65, p.226, quoted in Dr. Ambedkar and Buddhism by Sangharakshita.
5. ^{{cite web|last=Gautam|first=C|title=Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar|url=http://www.ambedkar.org/Babasaheb/lifeofbabasaheb.htm|publisher=Ambedkar Memorial Trust|accessdate=1 July 2013|location=Milan House, 8 Kingsland Road, London E2 8DA|date=May 2000}}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|title=Untouchables embrace Buddha to escape oppression|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/14/india.randeepramesh|accessdate=1 July 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=14 October 2006|location=Hyderabad}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|title=Great soul Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=0307595366|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rx1LI-P8nIkC&pg=PA211&dq=%22deekshabhoomi%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aU7PUdaFA4eGrQfhj4GoAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dhamma%20Chakra%20Pravartan%20Din&f=false|edition=1st}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Places to Visit |url=http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/Tourism1.htm |publisher=District Collector Office, Nagpur Official Website |accessdate=30 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521005841/http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/Tourism1.htm |archivedate=21 May 2013 |df=dmy }}
9. ^1 {{cite news|last=Bhagwat|first=Ramu|title=Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-19/mumbai/27228796_1_dr-ambedkar-narayanan-smarak-samiti|accessdate=1 July 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=19 December 2001}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=दीक्षा or dīkṣā|url=http://www.shabdkosh.com/hi/translate?e=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&l=hi|publisher=SHABDKOSH™ English Hindi Dictionary|accessdate=30 June 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web|first=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia|title=Bhummi|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=pali&query=bhummi&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|publisher=University of Chicago|accessdate=30 June 2013|author=The Pali Text Societies Pali-English Dictionary}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Rao|first=Anupama|title=The caste question: Dalits and the politics of modern India|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=0520257618|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=anupama+rao&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UUTQUaHvHMSxrAflxYGgAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Dalit%20conversion%20at%20Nagpur%E2%80%99s%20diksha-bhumi&f=false}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Frances|first=Pritchett W.|title=DR. AMBEDKAR'S LIFE-- and beyond|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1930s.html|publisher=Columbia University New York, NY : Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies|accessdate=30 June 2013}}
14. ^1 {{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Dr Ambedkar and untouchability : analysing and fighting caste|year=2001|publisher=C. Hurst|location=London|isbn=1850654492|pages=119–142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIIJkaJo4z4C&pg=PA119&dq=%22The+%E2%80%98solution%E2%80%99+of+conversion%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uKPQUbrUDMWprAfB1ICYAQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22The%20%E2%80%98solution%E2%80%99%20of%20conversion%22&f=false|edition=Rev.|accessdate=30 June 2013|chapter=The 'solution' of conversion}}
15. ^{{cite book|last=Queen|first=Christopher S|title=Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=1438416644|page=12|chapter=Introduction: The shape and sources of Engaged Buddhism}}
16. ^{{cite web|last=Frances|first=Pritchett W.|title=Why Was Nagpur Chosen?|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_conversion.html#03|publisher=Columbia University New York, NY|accessdate=1 July 2013|location=Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Naik|first=edited by Y. Sudershan Rao, G. Bhadru|title=Buddhism and modern society|year=2008|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=8184500599|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mx1uyV_qiGQC&pg=PA57&dq=%22nag%22+%22nagpur%22+%22buddhism%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vHbQUfr3LIizrAfnmoGoAQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22nag%22%20%22nagpur%22%20%22buddhism%22&f=false|chapter=Buddhism: The way to world peace in Modern Society}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Bellwinkel-Schempp|first1=Maren|title=Reconstructing the world : B. R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India|year=2004|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=0195665295|pages=221–244|url=http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf|author2=Beltz, Johannes|editor=BELTZ, JOHANNES |editor2=JONDHALE, SURENDRA|accessdate=30 June 2013|chapter=Roots of Ambedkar Buddhism in Kanpur}}
19. ^1 {{cite book|last=Sangharakshita|title=Ambedkar and Buddhism|year=2006|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=8120830237|pages=127–138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-b2EzNRxQIC&pg=PA127&dq=%22THE+GREAT+MASS+CONVERSION%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oZ_QUfzBM4SNrQfuiIGgAQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA|edition=1st South Asian|accessdate=30 June 2013|chapter=The Great Mass Conversion}}
20. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Malik|first=Ashok|title=Celebrating a unique city|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020317/spectrum/main5.htm|accessdate=1 July 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=17 March 2002|agency=The Tribune Trust|location=India}}
21. ^{{cite book|last=Sangharakshita|title=Ambedkar and Buddhism|year=2006|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=8120830237|pages=162–164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-b2EzNRxQIC&pg=PA162&dq=%22After+Ambedkar%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KsnQUeGlJIuPrgfdwoG4AQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA|edition=1st South Asian|chapter=After Ambedkar}}
22. ^{{cite web | title =Dr Ambedkar memorial architect Sheo Dan Mal passes away| publisher =OneIndia |date = 25 January 2007 | url =http://news.oneindia.in/2007/01/24/dr-ambedkar-memorial-architect-sheo-dan-mal-passes-away-1169695243.html | format =Web |accessdate = 5 January 2009}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=CEE MH E-Z NAGPUR |url=http://www.maharashtra.bsnl.co.in/ssa/CEENAGPUR/CEE%20Regions/Nagpur%20Division.html |publisher=Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd |accessdate=1 July 2013 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
24. ^{{cite news|last=Seneviratne|first=Kalinga|title=Hope for India's 'broken' Buddhists|url=http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KA16Df03.html|accessdate=2 July 2013|newspaper=Asia Times|date=16 January 2009|agency=Asia Times Online (Holdings), Ltd}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|title=Sanchi Stupa--A World Heritage Site|url=http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/buddhism/sanchi/intro.html|publisher=Religion, Carthage College|accessdate=1 July 2013|location=Religion Dept., Carthage College, 2001 Alford Drive, Kenosha, WI 53140}}
26. ^{{cite journal|last=Behl|first=Benoy K.|title=Harmony set in stone|journal=THE HINDU; Frontline|date=8–21 September 2007|volume=24|issue=18|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2418/stories/20070921505506600.htm |accessdate=1 July 2013}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=World Heritage Sites - Sanchi|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_sanchi.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|accessdate=2 July 2013}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Gardens|url=http://nitnagpur.org/gardens.html|publisher=Nagpur Improvement Trust|accessdate=1 July 2013|location=Nagpur|quote=Deeksha Bhoomi|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824150023/http://www.nitnagpur.org/gardens.html|archivedate=24 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^Lella Karunyakara, Modernisation of Buddhism: Contribution of Ambedkar and Dalai Lama XIV, page 175, {{ISBN|81-212-0813-0}}
30. ^{{cite web |title =Thousands visit Deekshabhoomi in Nagpur |work =The Hindu |date=7 December 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/07/stories/2006120708281200.htm| format =Web| accessdate = 5 July 2008}}
31. ^{{cite news|title=बुद्धाकडे जनता वळे, भीमा तुझ्या जन्मामुळे...|url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5441296735929232215&SectionId=15&SectionName=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD&NewsDate=20121026&NewsTitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87,%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87...|accessdate=7 August 2013|newspaper=Sakal|date=26 October 2012|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|language=Marathi|quote=आंबेडकरी चळवळीच्या, बुद्ध आणि भीमगीतांच्या हजारो कॅसेट्‌स एका दिवशी खरेदी होतात. पुस्तकांच्या तीनशेपेक्षा जास्त स्टॉल्सवर खरेदीसाठी झुंबड उडते. मराठीसह हिंदी, इंग्रजी भाषांतील पुस्तकांची दरवर्षीची विक्री सर्वांनाच ठाऊक आहे. परंतु, यावर्षी दक्षिणेतील तमीळ, कानडी भाषांतील पुस्तकांचे स्टॉल लावण्यात आले. याशिवाय श्रीलंकेतील सिंहली भाषेतील बुद्धाचे साहित्य यावर्षी खरेदीसाठी होते. कोट्यवधीची पुस्तकखरेदी एका दिवशी होणारे दीक्षाभूमी हे जगातील एकमेव ठिकाण आहे, हे विशेष.}}

External links

{{commons category}}{{Nagpur}}{{Buddhism topics}}

7 : Dalit monuments|History of Maharashtra|Tourist attractions in Nagpur|Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra|Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar|Stupas in India|Buddhist temples in India
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